The long-term storage of memory requires the finely tuned coordination of intracellular signaling with the transcriptional, translational and epigenetic regulations of gene expression. Among the epigenetic mechanisms, however, we know relatively little about the involvement of chromatin remodeling-dependent control of gene expression in cognitive brain functions, compared with our knowledge of other such mechanisms (for example, histone modifications and DNA methylation). A few recent studies have implicated the Brm/Brg-associated factor (BAF) chromatin-remodeling complex, a mammalian homolog of the yeast Swi/Snf complex, in neuronal structural/functional plasticity and memory formation. The BAF complex was previously known to have a critical role in neurodevelopment, but these recent findings indicate that it also contributes to both cognitive functions in the adult brain and human mental disorders characterized by intellectual disability. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the BAF complexes, introduce recent research findings that link their functions to memory formation, and speculate on the yet-unknown molecular mechanisms that may be relevant to these processes.
Actins/metabolism ; Animals ; *Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Learning ; *Memory ; Multiprotein Complexes/metabolism ; Neurons/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is usually less severe in children and adolescents than in adults. However, it can cause severe respiratory illness in a small proportion of children with risk factors. Here, we report a rare case of a 10-year-old boy with postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans that developed after pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This patient was previously healthy apart from a high body mass index (BMI, 30.13; 99.6th percentile for the age bracket), history of preterm birth (35 weeks), and low birth weight (1,850 g). He had persistent exertional dyspnea after recovering from SARS-CoV-2-related pneumonia. Spirometry revealed obstructive lung disease with the following results: predicted forced vital capacity (FVC% pred ), 71%; forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 % pred ), 63%; FEV 1 /FVC, 0.81; and forced expiratory flow 25-75 % pred , 55%. Chest computed tomography showed multifocal areas of parenchymal hyperlucency and mosaic attenuation in both lungs. This case suggests that careful observation of children with obesity and low birth weight is necessary after recovery from SARS-CoV-2-related pneumonia.

Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) demonstrates the anatomy of the urinary system and is used to detect the presence/absence of vesicoureteral reflux. It is the most important modality for urological fluoroscopic examination in children. For improved patient care, it is important to understand and perform VCUG appropriately. Therefore, an in-depth review of VCUG protocols and techniques has been presented herein. In addition, tips, tricks, and pitfalls associated with the technique have also been addressed.