OBJECTIVE: To localize the site of motor points within human biceps brachii muscles through surface mapping using electrophysiological method. METHOD: We recorded the compound muscle action potentials of each lattice of the biceps brachii in 40 healthy subjects. Standardized reference lines were made as the following: 1) a horizontal reference line (elbow crease) and 2) a vertical reference line connecting coracoid process and mid-point of the horizontal reference line. The Compound muscle action potentials were mapped in reference to the standardized reference lines. The locations of motor points were mapped to the skin surface, in the ratio to the length of the vertical and the half of the horizontal reference lines. RESULTS: The motor point of the short head of biceps was located at 69.0+/-4.9% distal and 19.1+/-9.5% medial to the mid-point of horizontal reference line. The location of the motor point of the long head of the biceps was 67.3+/-4.3% distal and 21.4+/-8.7% lateral. The motor point of the short head of the biceps was located more medially and distally in the male subjects compared to that in the female (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study showed electrophysiological motor points of the biceps brachii muscles through surface mapping. This data might improve the clinical efficacy and the feasibility of motor point targeting, when injecting botulinum neurotoxin in biceps brachii.
Action Potentials ; Botulinum Toxins ; Female ; Head ; Humans ; Male ; Muscles ; Skin

OBJECTIVE: To localize the site of motor points within human biceps brachii muscles through surface mapping using electrophysiological method. METHOD: We recorded the compound muscle action potentials of each lattice of the biceps brachii in 40 healthy subjects. Standardized reference lines were made as the following: 1) a horizontal reference line (elbow crease) and 2) a vertical reference line connecting coracoid process and mid-point of the horizontal reference line. The Compound muscle action potentials were mapped in reference to the standardized reference lines. The locations of motor points were mapped to the skin surface, in the ratio to the length of the vertical and the half of the horizontal reference lines. RESULTS: The motor point of the short head of biceps was located at 69.0+/-4.9% distal and 19.1+/-9.5% medial to the mid-point of horizontal reference line. The location of the motor point of the long head of the biceps was 67.3+/-4.3% distal and 21.4+/-8.7% lateral. The motor point of the short head of the biceps was located more medially and distally in the male subjects compared to that in the female (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study showed electrophysiological motor points of the biceps brachii muscles through surface mapping. This data might improve the clinical efficacy and the feasibility of motor point targeting, when injecting botulinum neurotoxin in biceps brachii.
Action Potentials ; Botulinum Toxins ; Female ; Head ; Humans ; Male ; Muscles ; Skin

OBJECTIVE: To identify different contributions of motor and sensory variables for independent ambulation of patients with incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI), and reveal the most significant contributors among the variables. METHODS: The retrospective study included 30 patients with incomplete SCI and lesions were confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. Motor and sensory scores were collected according to the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury. The variables were analyzed by plotting ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves to estimate their differential contributions for independent walking. The most significant functional determinant was identified through the subsequent logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Motor and sensory scores were significantly different between the ambulators and non-ambulators. The majority was associated to the function of lower extremities. Calculation of area under ROC curves (AUC) revealed that strength of hip flexor (L2) (AUC=0.905, p < 0.001) and knee extensor (L3) (AUC=0.820, p=0.006) contributed the greatest to independent walking. Also, hip flexor strength (L2) was the single most powerful predictor of ambulation by the logistic regression analysis (odds ratio=6.3, p=0.049), and the model fit well to the data. CONCLUSION: The most important potential contributor for independent walking in patients with incomplete SCI is the muscle strength of hip flexors, followed by knee extensors compared with other sensory and motor variables.
Classification ; Gait* ; Hip ; Humans ; Knee ; Locomotion ; Logistic Models ; Lower Extremity ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Muscle Strength ; Rehabilitation ; Retrospective Studies ; ROC Curve ; Sensation ; Spinal Cord Injuries* ; Spinal Cord* ; Walking

OBJECTIVE: To compare gross motor function outcomes in children with moderate to severe degrees of bilateral spastic cerebral palsy (CP) who received either intensive inpatient rehabilitation or intermittent rehabilitation on an outpatient basis. METHODS: A non-biased retrospective chart review was done for patients diagnosed with bilateral spastic CP who received rehabilitation therapy. The intensive rehabilitation group (inpatient group) agreed to be hospitalized to receive 22 sessions of physical and occupational therapy per week for 1 month. The intermittent rehabilitation group (outpatient group) received four sessions of physical and occupational therapy per week for 3 months in an outpatient setting. Changes in the total score on the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) between baseline and the follow-up period were analyzed. RESULTS: Both groups showed significant improvements in total GMFM scores at the follow-up assessment compared to that at baseline (p=0.000 for inpatient group, p=0.001 for outpatient group). The increase in mean total GMFM score after 1 month was significantly greater in the inpatient group than that in the outpatient group (p=0.020). Higher increase in GMFM score was observed in younger subjects as revealed by the negative correlation between age and the increase in GMFM score after 1 month (p=0.002, r=-0.460). CONCLUSION: Intensive inpatient rehabilitation therapy for patients with bilateral spastic CP of moderate to severe degree was more effective for improving gross motor function than intermittent rehabilitation therapy on an outpatient basis.
Cerebral Palsy* ; Child* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Muscle Spasticity* ; Occupational Therapy ; Outpatients ; Rehabilitation* ; Retrospective Studies

Approximately 90% of nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) infections involve the pulmonary system; NTM infections involving areas of the musculoskeletal system such as the joints or spine are uncommon. This report describes a case of refractory knee swelling in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Indolent arthritis of the knee eventually progressed to spondylitis and a paraspinal abscess requiring surgical incision and drainage. The cause of the infectious arthritis and spondylitis was diagnosed as NTM infection, specifically Mycobacterium kansasii. This case emphasizes the importance of a high index of clinical suspicion for mycobacterial infection, as well as repeated attempts to isolate the organism, in patients with SLE who present with atypical chronic arthritis.
Abscess ; Arthritis* ; Arthritis, Infectious ; Drainage ; Humans ; Joints ; Knee ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic ; Musculoskeletal System ; Mycobacterium kansasii ; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria* ; Spine ; Spondylitis*

Objective: To determine the relationship between line bisection test (LBT) performance time and prognosis of hemispatial neglect (HSN) in stroke patients. Methods: Data on stroke patients with HSN were prospectively collected. After patient recruitment and eligibility screening, the LBT, Motor-Free Visual Perception Test 3rd edition, and Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination were performed at the time of admission and 4 weeks thereafter. The LBT performance time was also measured. All patients received conventional rehabilitation for 4 weeks. Based on the improvements in their LBT grades, the patients were divided into improved and non-improved groups. The evaluation results of the two groups were compared using Mann–Whitney U-tests and logistic regression was performed to predict the independence of each outcome. Results: In total, 26 stroke patients with HSN were included, with 13 patients in each group. Significant differences were observed in the baseline LBT performance times between the improved and non-improved groups (p<0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed associations between HSN prognosis, and baseline LBT performance time (odds ratio=0.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.90–1.00; p<0.05) and baseline Motor-Free Visual Perception Test 3rd edition (odds ratio=1.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–1.43; p<0.05). Conclusion A significant relationship was observed between the baseline LBT performance time and HSN prognosis.

PURPOSE: The expression of Annexin A1 (ANXA1) is known to be reduced in human breast cancer; however, the role of ANXA1 expression in the development of breast cancer remains unclear. In this study, we determined the relationship between the expression features of ANXA1 and the prognostic factors of breast cancer. METHODS: Human breast tissues were obtained from patients specimens who had undergone breast surgery or core needle biopsies. The patterns of ANXA1 expression were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining in relation to histopathological diagnosis, clinical characteristics and outcomes. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-two cases were included and the mean age of the patients was 46.34 +/- 11.5 years. A significant loss of ANXA1 expression was noted in both ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive carcinomas compared to normal breast tissues (p<0.001) and benign breast diseases (p<0.001). There was a significant alteration in ANXA1 expression according to hormone receptor status (p<0.001), cancer intrinsic type (p<0.001), and nuclear grade (p=0.004) in invasive cancer. In a univariate analysis, ANXA1 positivity tended to be related with poor breast cancer-related survival (p=0.062); however, the same results was not realized in multivariate results (p=0.406). HER2 overexpression and TNM staging were significantly associated with relapse-free survivals (RFS) in the multivariate analysis (p=0.037, p=0.048, respectively). In particular, in node-positive patients (p=0.048), HER2 overexpressed patients (p=0.013), and non-triple negative breast cancer patients (p=0.002), ANXA1 overexpression was correlated with poor RFS. CONCLUSION: Although significant loss of ANXA1 expression was noted in breast cancer including DCIS and invasive carcinoma, in cases of invasive cancer, overexpression of ANXA1 was related to unfavorable prognostic factors. And these results imply that ANXA1 plays dualistic roles and is involved in variable mechanisms related to cancer development and progression.
Annexin A1 ; Biopsy, Large-Core Needle ; Breast ; Breast Diseases ; Breast Neoplasms ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating ; Humans ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Staging

PURPOSE: Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) stimulates proliferation, migration, and morphogenesis of epithelial cells by specifically binding to its receptor c-met. Abnomalities of the c-met oncogene have been studied in cancers of many organs including thyroid, lung, pancreas, and stomach. However, little is known about the clinical significance of c-met oncogene abnormalities in colorectal carcinomas. In this study, we investigated over- expression of the c-met protein in colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas, and analyzed the clinicopathologic significance of this over-expression. METHODS: Expression of the c-met protein localized in colorectal adenoma and adenocarcinoma tissues was analyzed by using immunohistochemistry. The results were compared with clinicopathologic parameters to find clinical correlation. RESULTS: c-met protein was detected in 42.5% (17/40) of colorectal cancers and in 10.0% (4/40) of colorectal adenomas (P= 0.001). In colorectal cancer, the proportion of expression of c-met protein was 0% (0/40) in stage I, 47.6% (10/40) in stage II, 53.8% (7/40) in stage III and, 0% (0/40) in stage IV. c-met protein expression was 18.8% (3/40) in tumors with invasion into the muscularis propria (MP), and 58.3% (14/40) in tumors with invasion beyond the MP. The depth of tumor invasion was a statistically significant factor (P=0.022) for c-met expression. CONCLUSIONS: The c-met protein expression was related to the depth of invasion of colorectal cancer and showed a significant difference in its rate of expression between adenoma and adenocarcinomas.
Adenocarcinoma ; Adenoma* ; Colorectal Neoplasms* ; Epithelial Cells ; Hepatocyte Growth Factor ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lung ; Morphogenesis ; Oncogenes ; Pancreas ; Stomach ; Thyroid Gland

OBJECTIVE: To compare quantitative muscle activation between erect and slouched sitting postures in the muscles around the scapula, and to investigate the correlation between the angle of thoracic kyphosis and the alteration of muscle activity depending on two different sitting postures. METHODS: Ten healthy males participated in the study. Unilateral surface electromyography (SEMG) was performed for serratus anterior, middle trapezius (MT), and lower trapezius (LT), which are scapular stabilizer muscles, as well as latissimus dorsi. Participants elevated their shoulders for 3 seconds up to 90° abduction in the scapular plane, tilting 30° anterior in the coronal plane. They were told to hold the position for 10 seconds and voluntary isometric contractions were recorded by SEMG. These movement procedures were conducted for three times each for erect and slouched sitting postures and data were averaged. RESULTS: Activities of MT and LT increased significantly more in the slouched sitting posture than in the erect one. There was no significant correlation between kyphotic angle and the area under curve of each muscle. CONCLUSION: Because MT and LT are known as prime movers of scapular rotation, the findings of this study support the notion that slouched sitting posture affects scapular movement. Such scapular dyskinesis during arm elevation leads to scapular stabilizers becoming overactive, and is relevant to muscle fatigue. Thus, slouched sitting posture could be one of the risk factors involved in musculoskeletal pain around scapulae.
Area Under Curve ; Arm ; Electromyography ; Humans ; Isometric Contraction ; Kyphosis ; Male ; Muscle Fatigue ; Muscles ; Musculoskeletal Pain ; Posture* ; Risk Factors ; Scapula ; Shoulder ; Superficial Back Muscles*

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of intensive rehabilitation to support recovery of neurological function after brain tumor surgery and assess long-term satisfaction. METHODS: This retrospective study included patients with neurological impairment after brain tumor surgery who underwent intensive rehabilitation therapy between December 2013 and May 2017. To assess effectiveness of rehabilitation, functional outcomes (motor, cognition, and activities of daily living [ADL]) were compared between brain tumor group and a control group enrolling stroke patients who received equivalent rehabilitation during the study period. Long-term satisfaction with rehabilitation was evaluated by surveying family caregivers. RESULTS: This study included 21 patients with benign brain tumor, 14 with malignant brain tumor, and 108 with stroke. Significant and similar improvement in motor, cognition, and ADL function were noted in both the brain tumor group and the stroke group. Malignancy status did not influence the extent of functional improvement. According to medical records and surveys, 9 (69.2%) patients with malignant tumor and 2 (11.8%) with benign tumor had expired by the time of the survey. Most family caregivers confirmed that rehabilitation was effective for functional improvement (>60%), expressing overall satisfaction and stating they would recommend such therapy to patients with similar conditions (approximately 70%). CONCLUSION: Intensive rehabilitation may help promote functional improvement following brain tumor surgery regardless of malignancy compared with stroke patients. Family caregivers expressed overall satisfaction with rehabilitation at long-term follow-up. These findings support the provision of intensive rehabilitation therapy for neurologic function recovery following brain tumor surgery.
Activities of Daily Living ; Brain Neoplasms ; Brain ; Caregivers ; Cognition ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Neurological Rehabilitation ; Pilot Projects ; Recovery of Function ; Rehabilitation ; Retrospective Studies ; Stroke ; Treatment Outcome