Objective To investigate the effects of midazolam, ketamine and propofol on spatial cognitive function and the mRNA expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits NR1 and NR2B in the hippocampus of aged rats. Methods Thirty-two Wistar rats of both sexes aged 18 months were randomly divided into 4 groups: Ⅰ control group (n = 9); Ⅱ midazolam group (M, n = 8);Ⅲ propofol group (P, n = 7) and Ⅳ ketamine group (K, n = 8). The animals received intraperitoneal (IP) midazolam 30 mg?kg-1 or propofol 60 mg ?kg-1 or ketamine 80 mg?kg-1 once a day for 3 days whereas the animals in control group received IP normal saline 2 ml instead. One day after the last drug administration the animals underwent Morris water maze test 4 times a day for 3 consecutive days. The animals were killed at 1h after last test and the brains were immediately removed for determination of NR1 and NR2B mRNA expression in the hippocampus using RT-PCR.Results The latency period and swimming distance were significantly shorter on the 3rd day of water maze test than on the 1st day in control group and group K, P. The latency period on the 1st day was significantly longer in group K than in control group. The NR1 mRNA expression in group M was significantly higher while the NR2B mRNA expression in group K and P was significantly lower than that in control group (P

Objective To investigate the effects of various concentrations of lidocaine on the N-methyl-D-aspartate ( NMDA)-mediated calcium currents in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Methods Hippocampal neurons were obtained from newborn Wistar rats (0-24 h after birth) . The hippocampal neurons cultured for 12-14 days were divided into control group and 5 lidocaine groups in which lidocaine was added to the extracellular solution achieving the final concentrations of 10-3 , 10-4 , 10-3 , 10-2 and 10-1 . The neuronal cells were voltage clamped at - 80 mv. The currents evoked by NMDA 100 ?mol?L-1 were recorded. The NMDA-mediated Ca currents were isolated by blocking Na-currents with TTX, K-currents with CsCL and TEACL and non-NMDA receptor (to a large degree AMPA receptor) with CNQX. Current density was calculated (pA / pF) .Results Lidocaine significantly reduced the density of NMDA-mediated calcium currents at concentrations of 10-3- 10-1 ?mol?L-1 compared with that in the control group (P

Objective To determine the dose of ropivacaine leading to convulsion and the convulsant action of midazolam. Methods Twenty healthy adult rabbits weighing 2.5-3.5kg were randomly divided into two groups with ten animals in each group: ropivacaine group(R) and midazolam-ropivacaine group(MR). Middle artery of ear was cannulated for MAP, HR monitoring and blood sampling for blood gas analysis and determination of plasma lactate and ropivacaine concentrations. Edge vein of ear was cannulated for administration of drugs. In both groups animals received intravenous infusion of 0.75% ropivacaine at a rate of 0.5m1/min until convulsion occurred. In MR group midazolam 0.8 mg/kg was given intravenously before ropivacaine.Results The dose of ropivacaine leading to convulsion was 4.86mg/kg for R group and 12.26mg/kg for MR group. Plasma ropivacaine concentration was 11 .52pg/ml in group Rand 16.77pg/ml in MR group. Convulsion lasted for 7.25 mm(R group) and 8.59mm(MR group) . Plasma lactate concentration increased significantly during convulsion in R group but remained unchanged in MR group. Blood pH decreased significantly during convulsion in R group but there was little change in PaCO2 and PaO2. Blood pH, PaO2 and PaCO2 did not change significantly during convulsion in MR group. There was no significant change in MAP and HR during convulsion in R group. In MR group MAP and HR decreased by 31 % and 35% respectively during convulsion and returned to baseline value gradually after ropivacaine infusion was stopped. All animals survived the experiment in both groups. Conclusions Ropivacaine is less cardiovascular toxic. Pretreatment with 0 . 8mg/kg midazolam greatly increases the dose of ropivacaine leading to convulsion. Midazolam can effectively prevent and treat CNS toxicity of ropivacaine.

Objective To assess the effects of norephrine and dopamine on renal blood and renal function in a dog model of endotoxin shock. Methods Twenty-one mongrel dogs (weight 14-30 kg) were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium and intubated. Spontaneous breathing was maintained. Swan-Ganz catheter was inserted via right external jugular vein. A 18G cannula was inserted via vein of the left upper limb for infusion of fluid and a 20G cannula in femoral artery for blood sampling and monitoring of arterial pressure. Abdomen was opened and right renal artery was exposed. A electromagnetic flowmeter (4mmφin interval diameter) was placed around the renal artery for measurement of renal blood flow. Shock was induced with intravenous administration of endotoxin 2mg/kg (LPS O55B5 Sigma). One hour after iv injection of LPS, the animals were divided into 3 groups with 7 dogs each: group Ⅰ (group NE) received norepinephrine infusion 40ng@ kg-1@ min-1 for 1h; group Ⅱ (group DA) received dopamine infusion 4μg.kg-1 @min-1 for 1h; group Ⅲ (group NE + DA) received NE 40 ng@ kg-1 @min-1 and 4 μg@ kg-1@min-1 for 1h. MAP, HR, cardiac output(CO), stroke volume index(SVI), CVP, PCVP, SVR, renal blood flow and renal function (serum Na+ , K+ , creatinine, urea nitrogen and uric acid ) were measured before LPS administration, lh after administration of LPS, at the end of norepinephrine and/or dopamine infusion, 1 and 2h after NE and/or DA infusion. Results MAP, CO and renal blood flow decreased significantly after LPS administration, but there was no significant change in renal function after LPS was given. After infusion of norepinephrine and/or dopamine MAP, SVI and CO increased significantly but there was little change in renal blood flow and renal function. Conclusions Low dose norepinephrine can improve hemodynamics and maintain renal blood flow and renal function especially when combined with dopamine during endotoxin shock in dogs.

Objective To investigate the effects of repeated inhalation of sevoflurane on cognitive function in aged rats. Methods Twenty-four Wistar rats of beth sexes aged 18 months weighing 270-450 g were randomly divided into 3 groups(n=8 each):control group(C),2%aevoflurane group(S1)and 3% sevoflurane group (S2).Group C inhaled oxygen(2.5 L/min)and nitrogen(6L/min)only, while group S1 and S2 inhaled 2%and 3%sevonurane in oxygen(2.5 L/min)and nitrogen(6 L/min)100 min/d for 5 d respecfivelv. The Morris watemaze test was performed once a day for 6 consecutive clays after the last inhalation(T1-6).The swimming time and distance at T1-5 and probe time and swimming distance in the fourth quadrant at T6 were recorded. The aninlala were killed within 60 min after the last test and the hippecampus were immediately removed for determination ofthe expression of NMDAR, NRI and NR2B mRNA using RT-PCR.Results The swimming time and disl .ance were significantly longer at T1,and the probe time in the fourth quadrant shorter and expression of NMDAR mRNA hisher at T6 in group s2 than in group C(P<0.05).Conclusion Repeated inhalation of 2% sevoflurane can not induce cognitive disordel-,while 3%sevoflurane Call induce transient cognitive decline in aged rats.

Seven cases of cystic eckinococcosis( CE) were surveyed retrospectively in 2008. The results showed that 6 of thosepatients were locally infected. It is important to investigate the course and characteristics of CE transmission in non-endemic areas.

Objective To investigate the current situation of iodine deficiency disorders and the effect of control measures in Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, and to provide a basis for making up targeted control measures for iodine deficiency disorders. Methods In 2012, proportional probability sampling method(PPS) was used to select 30 primary schools in seven counties of Changzhou City;50 students aged 8-10 in each school were randomly selected to examine thyroid, and their urine and household salt samples were collected to detect iodine. Thirty pregnant and 15 lactation women were selected to detect their urine iodine in the town where the school was located in. Two drinking water samples were collected to detect iodine in the village where the school was located in. The questionnaire survey of health education was carried out among the children and the housewives. Results A total of 1 500 children were surveyed, and the rate of goiter was 0.07%(1/1 500); the median of urinary iodine was 224.81 μg/L. Five hundred and seventy-two pregnant women and 328 lactation women were surveyed, and the median of urinary iodine was 148.93 μg/L and 147.48 μg/L, respectively. Fifteen hundred salt samples were detected, and the coverage rate of iodized salt was 99.47%(1 492/1 500); the edible rate of qualified iodized salt was 97.67%(1 465/1 500); and the median of salt iodine was 25.46 mg/kg. Sixty water samples were collected, and the median of water iodine was 3.63 μg/L. The health education awareness rates were 77.8%(2 100/2 700) and 88.0%(396/450) of students and housewives, respectively. Conclusion The control effect of iodine deficiency disorders is significant in Changzhou City, and monitoring of iodine nutrition level of special populations should be strengthened.

Objective To investigate the effect of universal salt iodization (USI) on the profile of in-patient thyroid diseases. Methods Informations on thyroid diseases were collected by retrospective approach in hospitalized patients. Results With USI for 1-4 years, the incidence of thyroid diseases in the total in-patient cases increased from 7.6‰ to 11.0‰, the female/male ratio increased from 3.6 to 4.1, patients aged

Objective: To determine imaging features that may help predict the presence of placenta accreta, placenta increta or placenta percreta on prenatal MRI scanning in order to identify the most diagnostic findings. Methods: The prenatal MRI scan data of placenta accreta, placenta increta or placenta percreta (placenta implantation group, n=15) and normal placenta(placenta normal group, n=15) diagnosed and treated by surgical pathology from January 2010 to December 2017 in the People's Hospital of Huadu District were retrospectively analyzed.Two expert MRI doctors were blinded to the patients' true diagnosis and were asked to score a total of 10 MRI features of the placenta and adjacent structures.The interrater reliability was assessed using kappa statistics.The features with a moderate kappa statistic or better(kappa>0.40 ) were then compared with the true diagnosis for each observer. Results: Eight of the scored features had an interobserver reliability of kappa>0.40: placenta previa(κ=0.89); abnormal uterine bulging(κ=0.57); intraplacental hemorrhage(κ=0.45); the presence of dark intraplacental bands on T₂W imaging(κ=0.76); flow-empty blood vessels in placenta(κ=0.67); border on placenta and uterus blurring(κ=0.63); heterogeneity of signal intensity on T₂-weighted(T₂W) imaging(κ=0.53); and continuity of myometrium was interrupted(κ=0.64). Using Fisher's two-sided exact test, there were statistically significant differences between the proportion of patients with placental invasion and those without placental invasion for three of the features: abnormal uterine bulging(P=0.015, P=0.011); heterogeneity of T₂W imaging signal intensity(P=0.006, P=0.013); and presence of dark intraplacental bands on T₂W imaging(P=0.032, P=0.010). Conclusion MRI can be a useful adjunct to ultrasound in diagnosing placenta accreta prenatally.Three features that are seen on MRI in patients with placental invasion appear to be useful for diagnosis: uterine bulging; heterogeneous signal intensity within the placenta; and the presence of dark intraplacental bands on T₂W imaging.

From the time of Neijing (Internal Classic) and Nanjing (Classic of Medical Problems) till the end of Qing dynasty, the medical scholars of each dynasty had taken the recognition of deqi as the subject in the stud- ies. Through the historical analysis, the content of regulating deqi was further understood in relevant ancient liter- ature. By checking the ancient works of acupuncture in each dynasty till the end of Qing dynasty, in reference to the evidences in over 10 works, such as Zhenjiu Dacheng (Great Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) , Zhenjing Zhinan (Instruction of Acupuncture Canon), Zhenjiu Daquan, and in association with the academic views of acupuncture masters in modern time, it was discovered that the medical scholars after the time of Neijing and Nanjing had enriched the understandings of deqi, such as the connection of cold and heat reaction, radiation to the affected site, reinforcing and reducing purpose in qi regulation. The methods of deqi regulations had, been explored till the end of Qing dynasty since the time of Neijing and Nanjing and the understandings of it were vari- ous among scholars.
Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; methods ; Books ; history ; China ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature ; Qi ; history ; Sensation