Objective To approach the effect of Silkworm Cocoon,Portulaca oleracea on the glucose and lipid metabolism to type 2 Diabetic rats. Methods type 2 diabetic rat models induced by STZ were randomly divided into diabetes model group,Silkworm Cocoon group,Portulaca oleracea group,Silkworm Cocoon+Portulaca oleracea group,and normal contrast group,after eight weeks' intervention,We analyze blood glucose(GLU), triglyeeride(TG), SOD, GSH, MDA, calculate, the indexes of insulin resistance (HOMA-1R). Results compared with diabetes model group, the GLU in Silkworm Cocoon+Portulaca oleracea group decrease 53.3%(P<0.01) : The TG decrease 44.1%(P<0.05). the Homa-IR decrease groups has no statistic difference. Conclusion The mixture group can obviously improve the glucose and lipid metabolism、 relieve insulin resistance、 significantly increase antioxidatian、 decrease the products oflipid peroxide.

Objective To explore the efficacy and safety of bifidobacterium tetragenous viable bacteria tablets (BTVBT) in blood glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo parallel comparison, multicentre clinical research.The subjects were T2DM patients who were using anti-hyperglycemic drugs.They were randomly divided into observation group and control group according to 1∶1 ratio.The subjects accepted the therapy of BTVBT or placebo by oral administration (3 tablets, tid) for eight weeks, followed up for 4 weeks, during which the basic treatment maintained unchanged.The primary outcomes: the changes of glycosylate hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) from baseline.Results Totally 234 subjects (116 cases in observation group and 118 cases in control group) from 7 centers were included in the study.The baseline characteristics were comparable between these two groups.The HbA1c was (8.00±1.08)％ and (7.99±1.03)％ in observation group and control group, respectively, at baseline, and was (7.28±1.28)％ and (7.36±1.02)％ after 12 weeks of treatment [(-0.66±1.38)％ vs.(-0.64±1.14)％,P=0.914 5].The secondary outcomes were as follows: the fasting blood glucose (FBG) in the observation group were (7.91±1.87)mmol/L and (8.05±2.33)mmol/L at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment;while in the control group, the FBG were (8.51±1.68)mmol/L and (8.00±2.02)mmol/L, and comparisons between two groups showed no significant change (P>0.05).The glycated albumin in the observation group and control group were (21.38±5.74)％ and (21.93±6.51)％ at baseline;after 4 weeks of treatment, they were (20.08±6.05)％ and (20.58±7.30)％ (the changes from baseline in these two groups were (-1.19±4.37)％ and (-1.20±5.08)％];after 8 weeks of treatment, they were (19.07±5.56)％ and (20.83±8.74)％ [the changes from baseline were (-2.09±4.51)％ and (-0.98±6.85)％];after 12 weeks of treatment, they were (19.03±5.19)％ and (19.36±6.14)％ [the changes from baseline were (-2.18±4.60)％ and (-2.47±5.20)％], there were no significant differences between two groups (P>0.05).The subgroup analysis showed that in those patients with the characteristics including body mass index (BMI)≥25 kg/m2 at baseline, the duration of diabetes mellitus longer than 8 years, fasting blood glucose less than 8 mmol/L and using insulin at baseline, the changes of HbA1c from baseline to the end of 12 weeks therapy in the observation group were more than in the control group.There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of safety profiles, including the vital signs and laboratory findings (blood cell counts, liver function, and kidney function, all P>0.05).Conclusion Administration of BTVBT in T2DM patients for 12 weeks does not remarkably improve the HbA1c.

Objective To investigate the effect of liraglutide on glucagon release in obese type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods A multi-center, prospective, and self-comparison study was conducted in four hospitals in Qingdao. Twenty-four patients with T2DM were selected and treated with liraglutide for 12 weeks. Glucagon levels before and after treatment were detected before and 30 min, 60 min and 120 min after meals. Results After 12 weeks of treatment, the overall level of glucagon decreased, in which the differences in glucagon levels at 30 min [(220±79) ng/L vs. (203±77) ng/L, P<0.05] and 60 min [(248±119) ng/L vs. (203±82)ng/L, P<0.05] reached significance, respectively, comparing to those before treatment. The area under the curve of glucagon after treatment was significantly lower than that before treatment (438±190 vs. 389 ± 153, P<0.05). In contrast, after treatment, the overall level of C-peptide increased, especially the levels at 30 min [(1.53±1.02) nmol/L vs.(2.03±1.29) nmol/L ], 60 min [(1.93±1.19) nmol/L vs. (2.48±1.75) nmol/L] and 120 min [(2.36±1.47) nmol/L vs. (2.96±1.84) nmol/L], all P<0.05. The area under C-peptide curve increased significantly (3.6±2.2 vs. 4.6±2.9, P<0.05). Fasting plasma glucose, postprandial 2 h plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c were all lower than before, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Waist circumference and body mass index were significantly lower than before (P<0.05). The amount of insulin used for the treatment decreased by approximately 55.1% compared with that before liraglutide, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions Liraglutide inhibits glucagon secretion and lowers blood glucose. It can also reduce body weight, improve islet cell function and reduce insulin use in T2DM.

Objective:To evaluate the intestinal function in rats with exertional heat stroke (EHS) and explore the protective role of Ruifuping pectin (RFP) against heat related intestinal mucosal injury.Methods:One hundred and twenty healthy special pathogen free (SPF) male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into normothermic control group, EHS model group, hyperthermic plus drinking water group (H 2O+EHS group) and hyperthermic plus pectin group (RFP+EHS group) with 30 rats in each group. The rats in the H 2O+EHS group and RFP+EHS group were given water 20 mL/kg or RFP 20 mL/kg orally for 5 days during adaptive training period. After 1 week, the temperature control range was adjusted to (37±1)℃ using the temperature control treadmill, and the rat model of EHS was reproduced by one-time high temperature exhaustive exercise. No rehydration intervention was given during the training adaptation period in the EHS model group. The rats in the normothermic control group were maintained to room temperature (25±2)℃ and humidity (55±5)% without other treatment. Behavior tests including withdraw response, righting, and muscle strength were performed immediately after onset of EHS. Blood of inferior vena cava was collected, and the serum inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukins (IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10)] and activity of diamine oxidase (DAO) were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The intestinal mucosa was collected, after hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and Chiu score was performed to assess EHS induced pathological changes under light microscope. Results:The rats in the EHS model group had behavioral, inflammatory and pathological changes, such as delayed withdraw response and righting, decreased forelimb pulling, increased inflammatory index, and obvious intestinal mucosal injury, which indicated that the reproduction of the EHS model was successful. There was no significant difference in above parameters between the H 2O+EHS group and the EHS model group except that the inflammatory index in the RFP+EHS group was improved. Compared with the EHS model group, the withdraw reflex to pain and righting after RFP pretreatment in the RFP+EHS group were significantly improved (righting score: 1.4±0.2 vs. 0.3±0.2, withdraw reflex to pain score: 1.0±0.1 vs. 0.2±0.1, both P < 0.05), the muscle strength was significantly increased (N: 13.0±0.5 vs. 8.2±0.6, P < 0.01). The levels of pro-inflammatory factors in the RFP+EHS group were significantly lower than those in the EHS model group [TNF-α (ng/L): 67.5±9.2 vs. 194.3±13.7, IL-6 (ng/L): 360.0±54.1 vs. 981.2±84.4, IL-1β (ng/L): 33.7±9.0 vs. 88.7±6.1, all P < 0.01], while the level of anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 was higher than that in the EHS model group (ng/L: 208.7±10.5 vs. 103.7±7.0, P < 0.01). The degree of intestinal mucosal injury in the RFP+EHS group was less severe than that in the EHS model group, and the Chiu score and DAO were significantly lower than those in the EHS model group [Chiu score: 1.5±0.2 vs. 3.8±0.0, DAO (U/L): 83.7±6.7 vs. 128.7±10.5, both P < 0.05]. Conclusions:High temperature training can damage the intestinal barrier function, and induce endotoxemia and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in rats. Oral prophylactic RFP can protect the intestinal barrier function, alleviate SIRS, and promote the recovery of basic nerve reflex and muscle strength after the occurrence of EHS in rats.

Objective The incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms in diabetes is higher than that of non-diabetes.Thus,the aim of the present study was to observe the efficacy and safety of bifidobacterium tetragenous viable bacteria tablets in the treatment of constipation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods This is a multicenter,randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled,parallel group-comparison clinical research.The subjects were randomly divided into study group and control group according to 1 ∶ 1 ratio by computer generated random number method.The subjects were either treated with bifidobacterium tetragenous viable bacteria tablets (study group) or placebo (control group) for eight weeks,and they were followed up for four weeks without changing foundation therapy for diabetes.The primary outcome was the change of complete spontaneous bowel movements (CSBMs).Results A total of 234 subjects (the study group:116 cases;the control group:118 cases) from 7 centers were included in the present study.The baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups.In the study group,the CSBMs at 0,2,4,8 and 12 weeks were 0.0(0.0,1.0),1.0(0.5,2.0),2.0(1.0,3.0),3.0(2.0,3.5),2.0(1.0,3.0) times per week,respectively,while the CSBMs of the control group at each corresponding weeks were 0.0(0.0,1.0),1.0(0.0,1.5),1.0(0.0,1.5),1.0(0.0,2.0),1.0(0.0,1.5)times per week,respectively.There is significant difference in CSBMs between the two groups (P＜0.05).Moreover,after 12 weeks treatment,the CSBMs over spontaneous bowel movements (SBMs) ratio in the study group was higher than that in the control group [0.53 (0.40,0.67) vs 0.33 (0.00,0.50),P=0.048],indicating a more complete evacuation sensation in the study group.More subjects in the study group (66.38％) reached Bristol stool classification of normal criteria than those in the control group (48.31％,P=0.005).There were significantly improvement of bowel function index in the study group [study group 42.7 (33.3,56.7),control group 60.6 (51.7,75.7),P＜0.000 1].Furthermore,the symptoms of constipation was improved,and the satisfaction for the treatment was high in the study group.There were no significant differences of the safety indicators between the two groups.Conclusions Bifidobacterium tetragenous viable bacteria tablets can be used in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and constipation.Compared with placebo,it improves constipation and has no obvious adverse effects.