Purpose: To evaluate the effects of each subgroup of prostaglandin analogues (PGAs) on central corneal thickness (CCT) in patients with normal tension glaucoma (NTG). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 55 eyes of 55 patients with NTG who were receiving PGA therapy. Patients who were treated with 0.005% latanoprost (16 eyes), 0.0015% tafluprost (16 eyes), or 0.004% travoprost (23 eyes) monotherapy were included. CCT assessments were performed at baseline and 1, 2, and 3 years after initiation of treatment. Results: In the NTG group, the mean CCT showed a decreasing trend, and there was a significant difference in mean CCT at 1, 2, and 3 years compared with baseline (baseline, 538.16 ± 32.14; 1 year, 526.55 ± 37.30 µm [p = 0.00]; 2 years, 521.67 ± 36.79 µm [p = 0.00]; 3 years, 520.43 ± 36.88 µm [p = 0.00]). The reduction of CCT was confirmed by subgroup analysis. In the 0.005% latanoprost group, mean CCT was decreased at 1 year (p = 0.11), 2 years (p = 0.00), and 3 years (p = 0.02). In the 0.0015% ta-fluprost group and the 0.004% travoprost group, mean CCT was also significantly decreased at all years (p = 0.00). No statisti-cal difference was observed between the NTG subgroups (p = 0.06). Conclusions Topical therapy with PGAs appeared to cause a significant decrease in CCT reduction in patients with NTG. A long-term follow-up study including more participants is needed.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify factors related to the vaccination intentions of nursing students before clinical practice. Methods: A descriptive correlational study design was used. The participants were 129 nursing students who were enrolled in one college of nursing in Seoul and were scheduled for clinical training. Data collection was conducted from February 28 to March 7, 2022. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, a t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and a latitudinal regression analysis using the IBM SPSS statistics version 26.0 program. Results: The intention to vaccinate showed a significant correlation with vaccination attitude (r=.72, p<.001), subjective norms (r=.68, p<.001), and perceived behavioral control (r=.63, p<.001). The influencing factors on three intent to vaccinate were vaccination attitude (β=.36 p<.001), subjective norms (β=.31, p<.001), and perceived behavioral control (β=.36, p<.001). The explanatory power of these variables was 69.6%. Conclusion The vaccination rate before the clinical training of nursing students was related to economic burden, a lack of time, and transportation problems that nursing college students experienced during the vaccination process. Therefore, administrative and financial support is needed for improving the vaccination rates of nursing students.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The embryological development of paranasal sinuses has been revealed by previous articles although few studies have reported on the differences of paranasal sinus pneumatization according to age after adolescence. We evaluated changes in paranasal sinus pneumatization in the ages ranging from 10s to over 60s.SUBJECTS AND METHOD: A retrospective review was carried out for patients who underwent osteomeatal unit three-dimensional computed tomography from January 2008 to March 2017. Two hundred and forty patients were selected and matched for age, sex, and existence of sinusitis. The biggest cross-sectional area (CSA) of each sinus was selected from each patient, which was then corrected to the size of the face. CSA and corrected CSA (cCSA) values were used together for analysis. RESULTS: CSAs of frontal, maxillary, sphenoid sinuses gradually increased in the ages ranging in the 30s, and then significantly decreased from those in the 40s onwards. In particular, these tendencies were statistically significant in all types of sinuses between the 30s and 40s, (p<0.05), except for sphenoid sinus. When comparing men and women, menduallys were bigger in most of the sinuses and in some age groups (p<0.05). However, there were no differences in cCSAs (p>0.05). CSAs in patients with chronic sinusitis were not different from those in patients without chronic sinusitis in every sinus and all age groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSION This study shows that older people have smaller sinuses, and sex difference and existence of sinusitis have no effect on the pneumatization of the sinuses.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The embryological development of paranasal sinuses has been revealed by previous articles although few studies have reported on the differences of paranasal sinus pneumatization according to age after adolescence. We evaluated changes in paranasal sinus pneumatization in the ages ranging from 10s to over 60s. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: A retrospective review was carried out for patients who underwent osteomeatal unit three-dimensional computed tomography from January 2008 to March 2017. Two hundred and forty patients were selected and matched for age, sex, and existence of sinusitis. The biggest cross-sectional area (CSA) of each sinus was selected from each patient, which was then corrected to the size of the face. CSA and corrected CSA (cCSA) values were used together for analysis. RESULTS: CSAs of frontal, maxillary, sphenoid sinuses gradually increased in the ages ranging in the 30s, and then significantly decreased from those in the 40s onwards. In particular, these tendencies were statistically significant in all types of sinuses between the 30s and 40s, (p<0.05), except for sphenoid sinus. When comparing men and women, menduallys were bigger in most of the sinuses and in some age groups (p<0.05). However, there were no differences in cCSAs (p>0.05). CSAs in patients with chronic sinusitis were not different from those in patients without chronic sinusitis in every sinus and all age groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: This study shows that older people have smaller sinuses, and sex difference and existence of sinusitis have no effect on the pneumatization of the sinuses.
Adolescent ; Anatomy, Cross-Sectional ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Methods ; Paranasal Sinuses ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Characteristics ; Sinusitis ; Sphenoid Sinus

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the long-term risks associated with a history of infectious mononucleosis (IM), primarily caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Specifically analyzing the potential increase in developing nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) and lymphoma in patients with a history of IM and exploring the prevalence of other EBV-associated conditions. Materials and Methods: The Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database was utilized for a retrospective analysis, covering data from 2002 to 2021. A total of 25,582 IM patients and controls were included, with 1:1 propensity score matching. The study monitored outcomes, including lymphoma, NPC, gastric cancer, multiple sclerosis, and all-cause mortality. Results: Patients with a history of IM demonstrated a significantly higher incidence of lymphoma (hazard ratio [HR], 5.320; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.208 to 8.820; p < 0.001) and NPC (HR, 7.116; 95% CI, 1.617 to 31.314; p=0.009) during the follow-up period compared with the control group. Additionally, the IM group showed an increased rate of all-cause mortality (HR, 2.225; 95% CI, 1.858 to 2.663; p < 0.001). Conclusion This study suggests that individuals with a history of IM have an elevated risk of developing lymphoma and NPC in South Korea, emphasizing the importance of vigilant follow-up and monitoring. The results advocate for heightened awareness and potential national monitoring policies to address the long-term health implications of EBV infection and to implement preventive measures.

Purpose: Acute kidney injury (AKI) in cancer patients is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The incidence of AKI in lung cancer seems to be relatively higher compared with other solid organ malignancies, although its impact on patient outcomes remains unclear. Materials and Methods: The patients newly diagnosed with lung cancer from 2004 to 2013 were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study. The patients were categorized according to the presence and severity of AKI. We compared all-cause mortality and long-term renal outcome according to AKI stage. Results: A total of 3,202 patients were included in the final analysis. AKI occurred in 1,783 (55.7%) patients during the follow-up period, with the majority having mild AKI stage 1 (75.8%). During the follow-up of 2.6±2.2 years, total 1,251 patients (53.7%) were died and 5-year survival rate was 46.9%. We found that both AKI development and severity were independent risk factors for all-cause mortality in lung cancer patients, even after adjustment for lung cancer-specific variables including the stage or pathological type. In addition, patients suffered from more severe AKI tend to encounter de novo chronic kidney disease development, worsening kidney function, and end-stage kidney disease progression. Conclusion In this study, more than half of the lung cancer patients experienced AKI during their diagnosis and treatment period. Moreover, AKI occurrence and more advanced AKI were associated with a higher mortality risk and adverse kidney outcomes.

Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is a safe alternative to open surgical repair for an abdominal aortic aneurysm. However, unfavorable aortic anatomy of the aneurysm has restricted the widespread use of EVAR. Anatomic limitation is most often related to characteristics of the proximal neck anatomy. In this report, we described a patient with a severely angulated proximal neck who underwent EVAR, but required repeat intervention because of thrombotic occlusion of stent graft limbs.
Aneurysm ; Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal* ; Blood Vessel Prosthesis* ; Extremities* ; Humans ; Neck* ; Stents*

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is performed to prevent cerebral infarction, but a common side effect is cerebral microinfarcts. This study aimed to identify the variables related to the production of microinfarcts during CEA as well as determine their association with delayed postoperative infarction. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of data collected prospectively from 548 patients who underwent CEA. The clinical characteristics of the patients and the incidence rates and causes of microinfarcts were analyzed. Microinfarcts were diagnosed by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. The presence of delayed postoperative infarction was compared between microinfarct-positive and microinfarct-negative groups. RESULTS: In total, 76 (13.86%) patients were diagnosed with microinfarcts. Preoperative neurological symptoms were significantly related to the incidence of microinfarcts [odds ratio (OR)=2.93, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.72–5.00, p<0.001]. Shunt insertion during CEA was the only significant procedure-related risk factor (OR=1.42, 95% CI=1.00–2.19, p=0.05). The presence of microinfarcts did not significantly increase the incidence of delayed postoperative infarction (p=0.204). CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, risk factors for microinfarcts after CEA included preoperative symptoms and intraoperative shunt insertion. Microinfarcts were not associated with delayed postoperative infarction.
Cerebral Infarction* ; Endarterectomy, Carotid* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infarction ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Prospective Studies ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors*

Infected walled-off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN) is dangerous complication of acute pancreatitis. Open necrosectomy and post-operative irrigation of necrotic cavity have been conventional treatment for infected pancreatic necrosis, however, recently minimally invasive techniques such as endoscopic necrosectomy has been regarded as preferred treatment method for infected WOPN. Endoscopic necrosectomy provides a targeted approach with a reduction in the systemic inflammatory response and avoidance of wound complications. Non alcohol related Wernicke encephalopathy is rare disease caused by thiamine deficiency due to intravenous feeding, and presented an encephalopathy, oculomotor dysfunction, gait ataxia. We report herein a case of Wernicke encephalopathy after successful endoscopic necrosectomy for infected WOPN.
Gait Ataxia ; Necrosis ; Pancreatitis ; Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing* ; Parenteral Nutrition ; Rare Diseases ; Thiamine Deficiency ; Wernicke Encephalopathy* ; Wounds and Injuries

We described a case of a 54-year-old male who presented with dizziness and dyspnea due to cardiac metastasis of leiomyosarcoma. Cardiac metastasis of leiomyosarcoma caused both bradyarrhythmia and tachyarrhythmia in the patient. He was treated with implantation of a permanent pacemaker for management of complete atrio-ventricular block and anti-arrhythmic drug that suppressed ventricular tachycardia successfully.
Bradycardia ; Dizziness ; Dyspnea ; Heart ; Humans ; Leiomyosarcoma* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Metastasis* ; Tachycardia ; Tachycardia, Ventricular*