Objective To investigate the whether the cleaning effect and quality would be affected by the different condition and storage of occlusal instrument. Methods A total of 2 400 holding needle clamp and hemostatic forceps were recycled immediately, and they were randomly divided into eight groups of A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2, D1, D2, with 300 pieces each. A1 groups was closed and not moisturized, and cleaned in 2 hours. A2 group was fully opened and not moisturized, and cleaned in 2 hours. B1 group was closed and bathed in multi-enzyme detergent, and cleaned in 2 hours. B2 group was fully opened and bathed in multi-enzyme detergent, and cleaned in 2 hours. A1 groups was closed and not moisturized, and cleaned in 12 hours. C2 group was closed and bathed in multi-enzyme detergent, and cleaned in 12 hours. B2 group was fully opened and bathed in water, and cleaned in 12 hours. D2 group was fully opened and bathed in multi-enzyme detergent, and cleaned in 12 hours. They were cleaned by the same machine and the clean rate was compared among groups. Results The cleaning rate of A1 and A2 group, B1 and B2 group, C1 and C2, D1 and D2 group had no statistical significant difference (P > 0. 05). The occult blood positive rates of C1 (27. 33% ).

Pharmaceutical cocrystals are multicomponent systems in which at least one component is an active pharmaceutical ingredient and the others are pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients. Cocrystallization of a drug substance with a coformer is a promising and emerging approach to improve the performance of pharmaceuticals, such as solubility, dissolution profile, pharmacokinetics and stability. This review article presents a comprehensive overview of pharmaceutical cocrystals, including preparation methods, physicochemical properties, and applications. Furthermore, some examples of drug cocrystals are highlighted to illustrate the effect of crystal structures on the various aspects of active pharmaceutical ingredients, such as physical stability, chemical stability, mechanical properties, optical properties, bioavailability, sustained release and therapeutic effect. This review will provide guidance for more efficient design and manufacture of pharmaceutical cocrystals with desired physicochemical properties and applications.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of manual reduction with inverse shift for pronation-extorsion trimalleolar fracture by applying the finite element method combined with clinical experience. Methods Based on CT images and anatomical features of bone, ligaments and other tissues as well as material parameters, a normal ankle model with completed muscles and bones for a Chinese young male was established. According to the related characteristics of the pronation-extorsion trimalleolar fractures, fracture was simulated in the proper position to make osteotomy model. The finite element model of pronation-extorsion trimalleolar fractures was thus established and then applied with mechanical loading to simulate manual reduction with inverse shift. Results The established finite element model of pronation-extorsion trimalleolar fractures was effectively restored by the displacement loading. Conclusions The finite element analysis on pronation-extorsion trimalleolar fractures by inverse shift maneuver could further prove the feasibility, effectiveness and scientificity of manual reduction with inverse shift based on clinical experience.