Brain disease is one of the greatest threats to public health. Brain theranostics is recently taking shape, indicating the treatments of stroke, inflammatory brain disorders, psychiatric diseases, neurodevelopmental disease, and neurodegenerative disease. However, several factors, such as lack of endophenotype classification, blood-brain barrier (BBB), target determination, ignorance of biodistribution after administration, and complex intercellular communication between brain cells, make brain theranostics application difficult, especially when it comes to clinical application. So, a more thorough understanding of each aspect is needed. In this review, we focus on recent studies regarding the role of exosomes in intercellular communication of brain cells, therapeutic effect of graphene quantum dots, transcriptomics/epitranscriptomics approach for target selection, and in vitro/in vivo considerations.
Blood-Brain Barrier ; Brain Diseases ; Brain ; Classification ; Endophenotypes ; Exosomes ; Graphite ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Public Health ; Quantum Dots ; Stroke ; Theranostic Nanomedicine

Brain disease is one of the greatest threats to public health. Brain theranostics is recently taking shape, indicating the treatments of stroke, inflammatory brain disorders, psychiatric diseases, neurodevelopmental disease, and neurodegenerative disease. However, several factors, such as lack of endophenotype classification, blood-brain barrier (BBB), target determination, ignorance of biodistribution after administration, and complex intercellular communication between brain cells, make brain theranostics application difficult, especially when it comes to clinical application. So, a more thorough understanding of each aspect is needed. In this review, we focus on recent studies regarding the role of exosomes in intercellular communication of brain cells, therapeutic effect of graphene quantum dots, transcriptomics/epitranscriptomics approach for target selection, and in vitro/in vivo considerations.

BACKGROUND: Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a seronegative inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis. The prevalence of PsA varies across different countries, and a few previous studies have reported that 9~17% of Korean patients with psoriasis present with PsA. However, limited data are available regarding the clinical features and treatment of Korean patients with PsA. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical features of Korean patients with PsA and the treatment modalities used in the real-world setting. METHODS: This study was a retrospective single-center study. We analyzed 101 Korean patients who had been diagnosed with PsA based on the Classification Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis (CASPAR). We reviewed the patients' medical records, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score, body surface area (BSA), manifestation pattern of PsA, and treatment course. RESULTS: Our study included 101 patients. The mean age was 50.7 years. The mean PASI score was 8.6, and the mean BSA was 11.5%. Spondylitis was the most common manifestation (40.6%). In most patients, psoriatic lesions preceded the onset of PsA (57.4%). Psoriasis and PsA occurred simultaneously in 32.7%, and PsA developed prior to psoriasis in 9.9% of patients. The administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was the most commonly utilized treatment strategy (82.2%), followed by the use of methotrexate and sulfasalazine. Twenty-two patients were treated with biologics with favorable efficacy. CONCLUSION: Spondylitis was the most common manifestation in patients. NSAIDs, methotrexate and sulfasalazine were the drugs most commonly used to treat Korean patients with PsA. Dermatologists should be mindful of this entity, and during history taking at the patient's initial visit, those with psoriasis should be asked, "Do you have any pain or swelling of joints?" to ensure early diagnosis of PsA.
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; Arthritis ; Arthritis, Psoriatic* ; Biological Products ; Body Surface Area ; Classification ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Methotrexate ; Prevalence ; Psoriasis ; Retrospective Studies* ; Spondylitis ; Sulfasalazine

Objective: Burr hole trephination is a common treatment for chronic subdural hematoma, intracranial hematoma, and intraventricular hematoma due to its effective drainage of hematoma, minimal invasiveness and short operation time. However, cosmetic complications such as scalp depression can occur. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of an allogenic acellular dermal matrix (ADM) to prevent scalp depression at the burr hole site. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed with 75 cases in 66 patients who were treated with burr hole trephination from January 2018 to December 2019. These cases divided into 2 groups; based on the method used to cover the burr hole site: Gelfoam packing only (GPO) and ADM. The degree of the scalp depression was measured from the more recent follow-up brain computed tomography scan. Results: There was a significant difference in the degree of scalp depression between GPO and ADM groups (p=0.003). No significant correlation between patient's age and the degree of scalp depression (GPO: p=0.419, ADM: p=0.790). There were no wound infection complication in either group. Conclusion ADM is a suitable material to prevent scalp depression after burr hole trephination.

No abstract available.
Body Piercing ; Ear* ; Female* ; Humans ; Young Adult*

Since bone matrix is known to contain osteoinductive substance, many studies have been carried out for its clinical applications. But there are still controversies about its regeneration effects and bone induction. This study was performed to compare the bone induction and regeneration between bone matrix particles (BMP) and demineralized bone matrix particles (DMP). About 700 mm BMP and DMP were made from long bone of adult rabbit. They were allografted into the artificial defect formed at medial surface of tibia and observed using LM and fluorescent microscopy. More fibrin networks and osteoblasts were formed in the graft groups than in control group after 3 days of graft. At one week after graft active endochondral and intramembranous ossification were taking place by osteoinduction around the DMP, whereas osteoinduction is rarely seen around the BMP. Most of regenerated trabecular bone was replaced by immature lamellar bone in DMP group, while some amount of fibrous and trabecular structures still remained in the defect in BMP group at 4 weeks after graft. More rapid bone regeneration and maturity were seen in DMP grafted group than in BMP grafted and control groups in fluorescent microscopy at each week after graft. These results suggest that demineralized bone matrix graft is more effective than that of mineralized bone matrix in regeneration of bone defect and endochondral bone formation is not necessary in osteoinduction.
Adult ; Allografts* ; Bone Matrix ; Bone Regeneration ; Fibrin ; Humans ; Microscopy ; Osteoblasts ; Osteogenesis ; Rabbits* ; Regeneration* ; Tibia ; Transplants

Background and Objectives: Outbred mice are widely used in toxicology, pharmacology, and fundamental biomedical research. However, there have been no reports of in vitro culture systems for spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) derived from these mice. Methods: As a step towards constructing a non-cellular niche supporting the in vitro maintenance of outbred mouse SSC self-renewal, we systematically investigated the types of integrin heterodimers that are expressed transcriptionally, translationally, and functionally in SSCs derived from Imprinting Control Region (ICR) mice. Results: Among the genes encoding 25 integrin subunits, integrin α1, α5, α6, α9, αV, and αE, and integrin β1 and β5 had significantly higher transcriptional levels than the other subunits. Furthermore, at the translational level, integrin α5, α6, α9, αV, and αE, and β1 were localized on the surface of SSCs, but integrin α1 and β5 not. Moreover, significantly stronger translational expression than integrin α9 and αE was observed in integrin α5, α6, αV, and β1. SSCs showed significantly increased adhesion to fibronectin, laminin, tenascin C and vitronectin, and functional blocking of integrin α5β1, α6β1, α9β1 or αVβ1 significantly inhibited adhesion to these molecules. Conclusions We confirmed that integrin α5β1, α6β1, α9β1 and αVβ1 actively function on the surface of undifferentiated SSCs derived from outbred ICR mice.

No abstract available.
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors* ; Haplotypes* ; Humans ; Stevens-Johnson Syndrome*

BACKGROUND: Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) is an important enzyme in the metabolism of thiopurines including azathioprine (AZA), 6-mercaptopurine, and 6-thioguanine. TPMT genotyping is widely used for screening of AZA-related toxicity during routine clinical practice in Korea. However, the data of TPMT genotypes and its AZA-related toxicity have not been studied in the field of dermatology. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic basis of TPMT polymorphism in Korean dermatologic patients and subsequently to investigate the relationship between mutant TPMT and adverse responses to AZA treatment. METHODS: This study was retrospective, single-center study. One hundred forty-nine Korean dermatologic patients who underwent TPMT screening test were included. Each patient's medical records, the result of TPMT screening test, dose and treatment period of AZA, and side effects, were reviewed. Laboratory tests were assessed at each visit in order to monitor adverse drug reactions. Leukopenia grading was used in accordance with the common terminology criteria for adverse events (CTCAE) ver. 4.03. RESULTS: Behçet's disease was the leading disorder among the patients. The frequency of TPMT mutation was 4.0% (6/149) among the participants in this study. Four of the six patients with genetic alterations were treated with a low-dose AZA regimen, but no AZA-related adverse events were observed. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that 1) TPMT polymorphisms in Korean dermatologic patients are similar to those previously reported in Asian patients with the most common mutant allele being TPMT*3C and 2) AZA can be used in the patients with these polymorphisms under a careful dosing regimen.
6-Mercaptopurine ; Alleles ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Azathioprine ; Behcet Syndrome ; Dermatology ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; Genotype ; Humans ; Korea ; Leukopenia ; Mass Screening ; Medical Records ; Metabolism ; Retrospective Studies ; Thioguanine

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) has been divided into acute GVHD and chronic GVHD on the basis of 100 days post-transplantation. Recently, the National Institutes of Health in the USA proposed new consensus criteria for chronic GVHD; 1) classic chronic GVHD, presenting with diagnostic features of only chronic GVHD without characteristics of acute GVHD and 2) an overlap syndrome in which there are distinctive manifestations of chronic GVHD together with features of acute GVHD, irrespective of the period after transplantation. Herein we report a case of overlap syndrome that developed in a 15 year-old male who had undergone unrelated peripheral blood stem cell transplantation 4 years earlier.
Consensus ; Graft vs Host Disease ; Humans ; Male ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Transplants