Objective To evaluate the association between air pollution and daily cardiovascular mortality in Beijing. Methods The daily death data, the meteorological data and the air pollution data from January 1 to December 31, 2003 were collected, the time-series analysis by generalized additive model was used, controlling for long-term trends, seasonal patterns and meteorological variables (temperature, humidity). Results An increase of 10 ?g/m3 of SO2, NO2 and PM10 corresponded to 0.4%(0.1%-0.8%), 1.3%(0.2%-2.4%)and 0.4%(0.2%-0.6%)increase of cardiovascular mortality respectively in Beijing. Conclusion The results of the present paper show that the current level of air pollution is a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality in Beijing.

The character of exposure-response relationship between particulate matter and population mortality has been one of the critical and difficult problems in air pollution epidemiological study. The character of exposure-response relationship included the shape of the exposure-response relationship and the existence of the threshold concentration. In this paper, the recent relevant researches on the character of exposure-response relationship between particulate matter and population mortality were reviewed. The threshold concentration of particulate matter for mortality was not found and the shape of the exposure-response curve need to be further studied. Now, in China, we are facing a good opportunity for researching the exposure-response relationship between particulate matter and population mortality.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between human papilloma virus (HPV) gene types and cervical diseases. Methods:The subjects included women with HPV who were diagnosed in the Outpatient Department of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (Guangzhou, China) from March 1, 2010 to January 31, 2011. A total of 21 HPV DNA types were found in the women using DNA flow-though hybridization genotyping technique, and a questionnaire-type survey was conducted on these pa-tients. In this study, 256 cases of normal or inflamed cervix, 34 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia I (CINⅠ), 61 cases of CINⅡor CINⅢ, and 9 cases of cervical cancer were analyzed. Results:The HPV infection rates were 18.4%in the normal cervical or inflam-mation group, 67.6%in the CINⅠgroup, 96.7%in the CINⅡor CINⅢgroup, and 100%in the cervical cancer group. The HPV in-fection rate was higher in the CIN I group than in the normal HPV infection or inflammation group (P<0.001) and was higher in the CIN Ⅱ or CIN Ⅲ groups than in the CIN I group (P<0.001). The main types of infection were HPV16 (44.2%), HPV58 (24.2%), HPV52 (11.6%), and HPV33 (8.4%) in the CIN groups. The main type of infection was HPV16 in the cervical cancer group (88.9%). Conclusion: Cases of cervical lesions are increasing. With this prevalence of HPV, considerable attention should be focused on HPV16-, 58-, 52-, and 33-related infections and cervical lesions. Among them, HPV16 infection is the primary cause of disease progres-sion and carcinogenesis.

Objective To evaluated the value of hysteroscopy and dilatation and curettage (DC) in diagnosis of endometrial cancer. Methods This retrospective analysis included clinical pathologic data of 3 676 patients with endometrial cancer from Jan. 1, 2000 to Dec. 31, 2010 in hospitals of endometrial cancer prevention projects in Guangdong Province. Results A total of 3 676 patients with endometrial cancer were divided into DC group (3 211 patients) and hysteroscopy group (465 patients). Compared to the results of pathological diagnosis, the accuracy rate between DC group and in hysteroscopy group were no statistically difference was 91.00%(2 922/3 211) vs 90.75%(422/465;χ2=0.030, P=0.862). The accuracy rate, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of cervical involvement between DC group and hysteroscopy group were 81.28%vs 86.45%(P<0.01), 24.78%vs 23.68%(P>0.05), 93.76%vs 98.71%(P<0.01),46.75%vs 78.26%(P<0.01) and 84.95%vs 86.88%(P>0.05), respectively. Rate of positive peritoneal cytology in DC group was 4.76%(153/3 211), and the rate was 3.23%(15/465) in hysteroscopy group, which were no statistically difference (χ2=2.206, P=0.137). There were no statistically difference in 5-year overall survival (91.02% vs 92.03%;χ2=0.033, P=0.856) and 5-year progression-free survival (89.81%vs 91.83%;χ2=1.508, P=0.219) between DC group and hysteroscopy group. Conclusions Hysteroscopy and dilatation and curettage is an effective method in diagnosis of endometrial cancer, especially hysteroscopy is better in diagnosis of cervical involvement. Hysteroscopy don′t improve risks of positive peritoneal cytology and don′t affect the prognosis of patients with endometrial cancer.

The examination of Histology and Embryology was reformed by trying competition-oriented test based on an exam system which is supported by attitude assessment and achievement in learning process.The students welcome the system for its advantages such as the original and various forms,its inspiration of enthusiasm and innovation and its humanism.The system contained processional assessment and final assessment as well.Yet the practiser should increase the rate of written examination to keep the fairness.

Objective To explore the effects of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate complicated or combined with N-acetylcysteine on the pulmonary function and arterial blood gas analysis of the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and to evaluate its curative effect.Methods 84 cases of COPD patients were randomly divided into combination treatment group (n=44)and simple treatment group (n=40).The patients in combination treatment group were treated with salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combinated with N-acetylcysteine while the patients in simple treatment group were treated only with salmeterol/fluticasone propionate, both of which were followed up for 6 months.The changes of pulmonary function (FEV1%FVC,FEV1%Pred,PEF daily variation rate:ΔPEF%)and the arterial blood gas analysis indexes (PaO2 and PaCO2 )of the patients in two groups were recorded before treatment, 3 months after treatment, and 6 months after treatment. Results The FEV1%FVC,FEV1%Pred and PaO2 of the patients in combination treatment group and simple treatment group were obviously increased 3 and 6 months after treatment compared with before treatment (P<0.01 ), and the PaCO2 were obviously decreased (P<0.01).And there were significant differences of the indexes mentioned above of the patients between two groups (P<0.05 );but the indexes of each group had no significant differences between 3 months and 6 months after treatment (P>0.05).TheΔPEF% of the patients in two groups had no significant differences between inter-group and intra-group before and after treatment (P > 0.05 ). Conclusion Combination of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate and N-acetylcysteine can obviously improve the pulmonary function and arterial blood gas analysis indexes of the COPD patients, which is superior to the simple application of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate and has definite and lasting curative effect on the treatment of COPD.

Objective To investigate the clinical feature and prevalence of chronic actinic dermatitis in a four-generation family with both monovular twins affected by chronic actinic dermatitis.Methods The clinical and laboratory findings from monovular twins simultaneously affected by chronic actinic dermatitis and their four-family members were analyzed.Results There were 76 members in the four-generation family,with 22 members (including 14 males and 8 females) diagnosed with chronic actinic dermatitis.No positive results were found from laboratory examinations or environmental survey.Conclusion Chronic actinic dermatitis was inherited in an autosomal mode in this family.

This article was aimed to study An-shen drug substances of semen ziziphi spinosae and the relationship between index component distribution in vivo and meridian tropism. Intragastric administration of thyroid tablet suspension at the dose of 160 mg·kg-1 was given for 13 days for the establishment of yin deficiency rat model. Elevated plus maze test (EPM) was combined with light/dark box test to evaluate the effect of semen ziziphi spinosae on anxiety behavior among yin deficiency rats. The yin deficiency anxiety model rats' eyeballs were picked for blood at 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 90, 120, 240 min after intragastric administration of semen ziziphi spinosae decoction. The rats were sacrificed for the collecting of heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, stomach, brain, large intestine and small intestine and other tissues. HPLC-PDA-ELSD was combined to detect concentrations of spinosin, jujuboside A and jujuboside B in different tissues of rats. Related pharmacokinetic parameters were achieved after processing detected data with DAS 2.0 software. The results showed that compared with the yin deficiency group, semen ziziphi spinosae significantly reduced the rats' abnormal increased food-intake (P < 0.01) and water intake (P < 0.01) within 24 hours; significantly increased the body weight difference before and after treatment (P < 0.01); significantly reduced the kidney coefficient (P < 0.01) and adrenal gland coefficient (P < 0.01); significantly reduced the value of T3 (P < 0.01) and T4 (P < 0.05); significantly increased the value of TSH (P < 0.01). It showed that semen ziziphi spinosae can obviously improve yin deficiency symptoms. It significantly increased the number of open arms entering percentage (P < 0.01), the open arms holding percentage (P < 0.01), and the box through times in light/dark box test (P < 0.01). It showed obvious anti-anxiety effects. The index component distribution in vivo results showed that spinosin and jujuboside A were widely distributed in the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, stomach, brain, large intestine, small intestine and other tissues through blood circulation. Jujuboside B was distributed in the blood, stomach, large intestine and small intestine through blood circulation. The order of average concentration of spinosin among tissues was small intestine > stomach > liver > brain > large intestine > spleen > lungs > heart > kidneys. The order of AUC0-t in tissues was small intestine > stomach > liver > large intestine > spleen > brain > heart > kidneys > lungs. The order of average concentration of jujuboside A among tissues was lungs > large intestine > heart > spleen > liver > kidneys > small intestine > stomach > brain. The order of AUC0-t in tissues was lungs > spleen > liver > heart > large intestine > brain > stomach > kidneys > small intestine. The order of average concentration of jujuboside B among tissues was large intestine > small intestine > stomach. The order of AUC0-t in tissues was large intestine > small intestine > stomach. It was concluded that semen ziziphi spinosae can obviously improve yin deficiency symptoms with good anti-anxiety effects. Spinosin and jujuboside A in semen ziziphi spinosae were the drug substances of An-shen effect. They were also the material basis of sweet and sour taste. The spinosin and jujuboside A distribution in vivo of yin deficiency anxiety model rats were close to the meridian tropism of semen ziziphi spinosae.

Cordyceps sinensis is an expensive and tonic-valuable famous herb in China. Due to a narrow growing distribution, a low parasitic rate and a harsh living environmental condition, its wild recourse is not abundant. In re-cent years, with the improvement of living standards, people’s awareness of health care has increased strongly. That is because of people’s over-excavation need;and the natural resources are becoming increasing scarcity. In order to meet the demand for Cordyceps, domestic researchers conducted vigorous studies. Since 1987, four or five cul-tured Cordyceps species have been developed, namely fermented Cordyceps sinensis. Through subsequent unceasing research, they were put into a lot of production, bringing a certain benefits for income and society. Currently, there are four commercial brands on the market. They are Bailing, Jinshuibao, Xinganbao and Ningxinbao. This paper summarized the studies of its chemical compositions and clinical applications on fermented Cordyceps militaris in the recent five years. It will let scholars understand its value of the cultured Cordyceps militaris more comprehen-sively and supply more information for scholars in its further research.

Objective To examine the changing levels of serum iron and hemoglobin in Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced rat pneumonia model and the relationship among infection severity,serum iron and hemoglobin.Methods Sixty Sprague Dawley (SD)rats were randomly assigned to one of the four groups,1 5 SD rats in each group,including three treatment groups and one control group. Low, medium and high doses of bacteria were administered to the animals in the treatment groups respectively through tracheal cannula.The severity of pneumonia was indicated by the level of bacterial load.The animals in the control group did not receive bacterial challenge.The mean serum iron and hemoglobin levels were calculated on day 3,5, and 7 to analyze the relationship between bacterial dose and serum iron or hemoglobin levels.Results The serum iron level in the animals receiving medium or high doses of bacteria was significantly lower compared with that in control group on day 3 (P=0.009,P=0.005).The serum iron level in the animals receiving low dose of bacteria showed significant difference compared with that in the control group on day 5 (P=0.007).The hemoglobin level in the animals receiving medium or high doses of bacteria was significantly different from that in the control group on day 5 (P=0.031,P=0.046).The hemoglobin level in the animals receiving low dose of bacteria did not show significant difference compared with that in the control group on day 3,5 or 7.The bacterial dose level was negatively correlated with the mean level of serum iron (correlation coefficient r=-0.65,r=-0.53,r=-0.61,respectively).There was no definite correlation between the bacterial dose and the mean hemoglobin level.Conclusions Streptococcus pneumoniae infection may be associated with lower serum iron and hemoglobin levels in rats.The severity of infection is negatively correlated with serum iron level,but not hemoglobin level.