In a case of 46-year-old woman suffering from schizophrenia for over 20 years, she experienced frequent episodes of dyspnea and confirmed as superimposed with myasthenia gravis (MG). Throughout the seven-year follow-up period, after diagnosed as MG, she has been hospitalized 6 times and also diagnosed as colorectal cancer. Authors experienced various conditions associated with untoward effects of medication for myasthenia, schizophrenia, and colorectal cancer. Therefore, authors reported considerations for the pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia with myasthenia gravis.
Colorectal Neoplasms* ; Drug Therapy ; Dyspnea ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Myasthenia Gravis* ; Schizophrenia*

OBJECTIVES: As a preliminary study on the prevalence of mental disorders in Korean children and adolescents, we investigated the diagnosis distribution of mental disorders in people under 19 years of age using the health insurance data. METHODS: From the 2011 health insurance data of 1,375,842 people, the data of 286,465 people under 19 years old were extracted. Among them, we selected 10,778 with psychiatric diagnoses; male 6,453 (59.9%) and female 4,325 (40.1%). The frequency of psychiatric diagnoses in the males was 10,140 (62.7%) cases, which was significantly higher than that (6,031; 37.3%) in the females. We categorized the groups into 3 year intervals. RESULTS: In the males under 3 years old, F80 was the most prevalent diagnosis, followed by F98. F90 and F41 were the most prevalent in the 4-15 and above 16 years old groups, respectively. In the females, F98 was the most prevalent in the children up to 3 years old, while F80 was the second most prevalent. In the 4-6 years of age group, F98 was the most prevalent, followed by F93. F90 and F41 were predominant in the 7-12 and above 12 years old groups, respectively. CONCLUSION: In the analysis of the frequency of diagnosis of mental disorders in the population under 19 years old, there were significant differences in the distribution based on age and gender.
Adolescent ; Child ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Insurance* ; Insurance, Health ; Male ; Mental Disorders ; Prevalence

There is a highly cognitive and social context to empathy behavior in human. In various social contexts, rodents also display remarkable affective sensitivity and exhibit primitive forms of empathy similar to human. Therefore, we aimed to elaborate the concept of empathy about various components of empathetic behavior in rodents with the similar contexts of a human. In this review, we highlighted the behavioral paradigm that already examined different aspects of rodent empathetic behavior in response to conspecific distress. Additionally, we summarized homologous brain parts of human and rodents to express the empathetic behavior. Integrating the findings with corresponding experiments in the human will provide a novel insight into therapeutic intervention or expanded experimental approaches for neuropsychiatric disorders like autism spectrum disorders associated with empathetic behavior.
Autism Spectrum Disorder ; Autistic Disorder ; Brain ; Empathy ; Humans ; Rodentia

Objective: Research on neural correlates in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) associated with self-injurious behavior has mainly been performed in adults. However, studies on adolescents are scarce. We aimed to investigate the activation and connectivity of the PFC between adolescents with self-injurious behavior (ASI) and psychiatric controls (PC) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Methods: We used an emotion recognition task during fNIRS to assess 37 adolescents (23 with self-injurious behavior and 14 PC) between June 2020 and October 2021 and compared connectivity and activation between the two groups. We also measured adverse childhood events (ACE, Adverse Childhood Experiences) and performed a correlation analysis of channel activation according to ACE total scores. Results: The difference in activation between the groups was not statistically significant. The connectivity of channel 6 was statistically significant. The interaction between channel 6 and the ACE total score showed statistical significance between the two groups(t[33] -2.61; p=0.014). The ASI group showed a negative correlation with the total ACE score. Conclusion This is the first study to investigate PFC connectivity using fNIRS in ASI. It has the implication of a novel attempt with a practically useful tool to uncover neurobiological differences among Korean adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: The image of the wicked stepmother has created a prejudice against stepmothers, which makes it difficult for them to adjust to their stepfamilies. This study compared fairy tales from different cultures to reestablish the nature of stepmothers.METHODS: Grimms’ Fairy Tales (GFT) was used to represent Western culture, with stepmother characters appearing in 15 out of 210 tales. “The Collection of Korean Traditional Fairy Tales” (KFT) was used to represent Eastern culture, with stepmother characters featured in 14 out of 15,107 tales. We examined the relationships between stepmothers and stepchildren in GFT and KFT.RESULTS: Daughters were abused more often than sons in both genres. In GFT, jealousy spurred the abuse in 12 of 15 cases, while in KFT greed was predominant in 12 of 14 cases.CONCLUSION: The fairy tale portrayals of wicked stepmothers may be associated with the stigma children place on their stepmothers, which needs to be overcome.
Child ; Divorce ; Folklore ; Humans ; Jealousy ; Marriage ; Nuclear Family ; Parents ; Prejudice

This study analyzes the role of the Sorting Hat in structuring the identity of the characters in the Harry Potter series written by J. K. Rowling. In the different stages of adolescence, one explores and re-establishes one's identity. One's sense of identity is determined by the commitments made regarding personal and social traits. However, it is difficult to establish a concrete identity formation process theory that is communicable to adolescents. In Harry Potter, the characters' identities are reflected upon the Sorting Hat and are continuously molded throughout the book. The Sorting Hat provides nurturing experiences based on temperament. Based primarily on their temperament, it sorts the students into four houses, each with their own distinct characteristics. Once sorted, the houses become the living and learning communities in which the students share the same dormitory and classes until their graduation. Within the community, the students seek connections, supportive relationships, and understanding within the group. The taking on of the group identity is an explanatory variable in the formation of individual identity. The Sorting Hat provides the students with stability and a safe boundary. After being sorted based on their temperament, the inexperienced and immature adolescents can explore different options under the guidance of the Hat before making a definite commitment. By presenting them with an appropriate environment (such as a mentor, friend, or family member), the Hat further shapes their identity and integrates the identity elements ascribed in the beginning. By providing experiences and interactions based on their unique temperament and environment, the Sorting Hat plays a crucial role in establishing the students' identities. The Sorting Hat can be an ideal model for finding one's identity during adolescence.
Adolescent* ; Friends ; Fungi ; Humans ; Learning ; Mentors ; Sociological Factors ; Temperament

This is an analysis report of the "Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (KACAP), Vision 2033 Survey". The survey questionnaires were developed by the planning department of KACAP and sent to KACAP members from 2012 to 2013. This survey consisted of six categories : membership, academic activity, journal publication, administrative system, fellowship training program, and future planning. The response rate was 40.5%. In addition to multiple choice questions, responders also described their own ideas and suggestions regarding KACAP. The results of this study can be used as evidence for planning the vision 2033 of KACAP.
Adolescent ; Adolescent Psychiatry* ; Child* ; Education ; Fellowships and Scholarships ; Humans ; Publications ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the relationship between depression, attachment and addiction problems in runaway youths. METHODS: We sent a questionnaire package to 187 runaway youths in 18 adolescent shelters. The questionnaire package collected their sociodemographic data and included the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Inventory of Parent Attachment (IPA), Korean Internet Addiction Self-Scale (K-Scale), Korean version of Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, and Korean version of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence. RESULTS: The percentage of youth with depression was 28.8% (N=54). In the depression group, there were significantly more problematic alcohol users (53.06%, p=.0199) and significantly lower IPA scores (p=.0064). There was a significant negative correlation between depression and a IPA, and significant positive correlation between depression and the K-Scale. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that runaway youths with depression have more problematic alcohol drinking and attachment problems.
Adolescent* ; Alcohol Drinking ; Child ; Depression* ; Homeless Youth* ; Humans ; Internet ; Parents ; Tobacco Use Disorder

OBJECTIVES: 'Taegyo,' prenatal education, is steeped into Korean culture. Although there has been a traditional focus on providing education and care for the fetus in Korea, there is a lack of medical evidence for its effectiveness. METHODS: The authors assessed the scientific basis for 'Taegyo' by reviewing the evidences. RESULTS: 'Taegyo' in Korea began with the spread of Buddhist culture from China, and transmitted by word-of-mouth. The first 'Taegyo' book, the Tae-gyo-shin-gi, was published on 1803. Modern prenatal education is very diverse. However, only a few studies on its effect have been conducted. Development of medicine, especially obstetrics, fetology, pediatrics, psychiatry, and etc., has learned that many factors, including bad environmental conditions and maternal stress, influenced against the fetus and mother. As for the paternal side, occupation, smoking, and stress were also revealed to have consequences for the development of the fetus. On the contrary, adequate maternal nutrition, exercise, and music stimulation positively impact the fetal development and healthy birth. CONCLUSION: Traditional contents of 'Taegyo' were proved to have effectiveness from evidence-based medicine and animal experiments. We need further studies to explore the impact of prenatal education for the fetal development and maternal health.
Animal Experimentation ; China ; Education ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Female ; Fetal Development ; Fetus ; Humans ; Korea ; Maternal Health ; Mothers ; Music ; Obstetrics ; Occupations ; Parturition ; Pediatrics ; Pregnant Women ; Prenatal Care ; Prenatal Education* ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Stress, Psychological