Background: Succinylcholine is drug muscle relaxant the only depolarizing current can also be used in clinical. Objectives: The current study assessed the intubation condition and side effects of different doses of succinylcholine. Subjects and method: In a randomized, double blind trial, 90 patients were divided into 3 groups. 1, 1.5 or 2 mg/kg succinylcholine was added with Fentanyl and Thiopental for induction in group I, II and III, respectively. A rapid induction and postoperative myalgia were evaluated. Results: Fasciculation time as well as myalgia increased significantly by the doses. Intubation conditions were better in group II and III. Increase of kalemia was seen in all groups, but most significantly in group III (3,7 \xb1 0,3 vs 3,3 \xb1 0,2, p<0,05). Conclusion: 1, 1.5 or 2 mg/kg succinylcholine equally provided acceptable intubation condition. Succinylcholine 2 mg/kg induced more fasciculation, myalgia and increase of kalemia.
Succinylcholine/ adverse effects ; Intubation ;

Background: Although there are many advances in the treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), the mortality rate is still high (40%-60%). The new strategy \u2018protective ventilation\u2019 helped to lower the fatality rate and shortening the duration of mechanical ventilation in comparison with traditional modes. However, there is controversy about the effects of protective ventilation. Objectives: (1) To estimate the change of arterial blood gas and hemodynamic in the first 48hrs in the patients suffering from ALI or ARDS under protective ventilation. (2) To discover the disadvantages of this ventilation mode. Subjects: 30 ALI and ARDS patients (22 males and 8 females) treated at ICU, Viet Duc Hospital between April 2005 and October 2005. Method: Prospective and self-control study. Protective ventilation was applied for these patients. Artery blood gas, hemodynamic and disadvantages of protective ventilation were monitored during first 48hrs. Results: Protective ventilation significantly lowers airway pressure (p < 0.001). There was no change of PaCO2 (p > 0.05), and PaO2 was improved clearly after 12hrs of ventilation (p < 0.05). There were no significant changes of mean arterial pressure, heart rate and central venous pressure. 83.3% patients needed a high dose of sedation during protective ventilation. Conclusion: Protective ventilation lowered airway pressure, improved PaO2 and had no hemodynamic effect. However, patients required a high dose of sedation during this mode of ventilation.
Protective ventilation ; acute lung injury ; acute respiratory distress syndrome

Background: Food-born bacteria can be present in raw materials or contaminated foods during process and storage. Shrimp paste is a popular food in Viet Nam, but there are no studies on the hygiene and safety of this food. Objectives: To identify the microbial contamination of commercial shrimp paste available in Ha Noi City. Materials and method: A total of 50 shrimp paste samples were collected randomly from markets around Ha Noi City. Enumeration and isolation methods were used to determine the microbial contamination in these samples. Results: 100% of the samples were contaminated with Clostridium perfringens and Candida albicans. 10% of samples were contaminated with Coliform. Other pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae were not found in shrimp paste samples. Conclusion: Evaluation of microbial contamination in popular foods such as shrimp paste should be done regularly to prevent food-born diseases in the community.
Microbial contamination ; Food safety.

Background: Diarrhea is a leading cause of death in children under 5 years old, especially in developing countries. About 12.600 children die because of diarrhea everyday in Asia, Africa and Latin-America. Objective: To identify the main organism that causes diarrhea in children under 5 years old. Subject and Method: The etiology agents of diarrheal children under 5 years old admitted to the Pediatric Hospital in Hai Phong city were studied in the period from September 2006 to August 2007. A total of 968 children were examined for diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC), Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio, Aeromonas, Campylobacter, these pathogens as being significant bacteria associated with diarrhea. A total of 212 out of 968 cases were positive for bacteria. Result: The main pathogens were diarrheagenic Eschierichiacoli 153 (15.7%), Salmonella 12 (1.24%), Shigella 32 (3.3%). Vibirio paraheamolyticus 1(0.1%), Aeromonas 8 (0.8%), Campylobacter 6(0.6%) from rectal swabs and no Vibrio cholerae was found. The multiplex PCR assays for the identification of DEC was developed. DEC was classified into 6 categories with frequencies of EPEC 3.9%, ETEC 4.4%, EIEC 0.6%, EAggEC 6.7%, DAEC 0.1%, no EHEC was identified. Conclusion: An analysis of incidence of enteropathogens with respect to seasonal variant demonstrated that the frequencies of isolation of etiology agents mainly in July, August and September. This study also showed that diarrheagenic- Escherichia coli is the main organism causing diarrhea in children under 5 years old.
Diarrhea ; enteropathogenic bacteri ; diarrheagenic Eschierichiacoli

Background: Classification of vibriophages has been applied for epidemiological surveillance of cholera, but in Vietnam, there was virtually no knowledge about it. It is very important to determine whether the strains have common origin or different origins.Objectives: To classify vibriophages isolated from environmental surface water samples in Thai Binh in order to monitor cholera outbreaks. Subjects and method: Three vibriophages (84, 87, and 811) were collected from surface water samples in Thai Binh in 2006. Electronic microscopy was used to compare the size and morphology of Vibrio phages. Also, the structures of genomic DNA of vibriophages were compared by hind III digestion pattern and Southern blotting. Results: Vibriophages S4 and S11 isolated from Thai Binh were similar to kappa phage (a phage produced by V. cholerae 01 EI Tor strain), phage IV (a phage produced by V. cholerae 01 classical strain) in term of morphology and genome and were the same shape and DNA dimension of phage 1823 isolated from V. cholerae O139 strain in India and Bangladesh. Conclusion: Phage 84, 81 isolated from Thai Binh were new kinds of vibriophage isolated in Viet Nam. These findings were very useful for supervising and controlling cholera outbreaks in Vietnam.
Classification ; vibriophage ; environment surface water

Background: Hemophilia is the most common clotting disorder in the hereditary blood clotting disorders causing harm to health and psychology. The disease can lead to disability and leave the burden on families and society as well as the development of race\r\n', u"Objectives: To study the familial characteristics of haemophiliacs treated at Regional Hematology and Blood Transfusion Center of Hue Central Hospital. Subject and method: This was a prospective study. It included 48 patients diagnosed and treated Haemophilia A and B at Regional Hematology and Blood Transfusion Center of Hue Central Hospital from 7/2005 - 8/2007. Results: In 48 patients, there were 23 patients who had obviously familial history (included 12 families). They were siblings, cousins, maternal grandfathers or mother's brothers. Among 67 haemophiliacs, 23 haemophiliacs had been studied (34.32%), 30 haemophiliacs died of the disease (44.77%). Most of them died at childhood, below age of 15 years (80.64%). Conclusion: Numbers of deaths in the family was not related to the severity of the disease. The age of clinical detection, morphology, number, site, characteristics of haemorrhage as well as the level of articuar injures were not completely the same between the haemophiliacs of the same family. \r\n", u'\r\n', u'
Hemophilia A/ history ; pathology

Background: In countries that cholera outbreaks commonly occurs, surveillance of surface water is important to control the epidemics. Kappa phage (K139) of Vibrio cholerae is related to epidemic El Tor and O139 strains in various countries. Objectives: To study the relationships between V. cholerae 01 and vibriophages in surface water in Thai Binh and Hai Phong city and to determine the predictors of cholera outbreaks. Subjects and method: Total of 82 water samples were collected by shrimp swab method in Hai Phong and Thai Binh in June and September 2007, where cholera outbreaks occurred. The enriched culture method and direct peR were applied to define the relationships between vibriophages and V. cholerae 01 in surface water. Results: The rates of detecting kappa junction with chromosomes of V. cholerae 01 in Hai Phong and Thai Binh were 10% and 15% in June 2007, 35% and 41% in September 2007. The rates of detecting vibriophages in Hai Phong and Thai Binh were 15% and 15% in June 2007, 25% and 36% in September 2007. The rates of Fs1 and Fs2 detected by PCR method were 70% and 100% in Hai Phong at June and September 2007, and were 57% and 100% in Thai Binh at June and September 2007, respectively. V. cholerae 01, O139 weren\u2019t found in water samples. Conclusion: The presences of vibriophages (kappa phage and fs1 fs2) in surface water contaminated with V. cholerae 01 were dependent on the ability of the vibriophages to infect and lyse these bacteria. Vibriophages played a role in the transfer of cholera toxin and pathogenic factors. Surveillance by detecting V. cholerae 01 and vibriophages in surface water may be a feasible means of predicting outbreaks of cholera before a significant number of cases occur.
Vibrio cholerae 01 ; vibriophages ; surface water ; cholera outbreaks

Background: Dengue fever remains a major public health problem in Vietnam. It was transmitted through two main Aedes species, namely Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in which Aedes aegypti played the predominant role in transmitting the dengue viruses (accounted for 94% of the Aedes genus).Different groups of insecticides have been widely used in the community. As a consequence, it increased the resistance level of Aedes vectors to the insecticides. Therefore, a new synthesized insecticide was required for future control and prevention of dengue epidemics. \r\n', u'Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of Cynoff 25 ULV in suppressing Aedes species in Vietnam. \r\n', u'Subjects and methods: The study was conducted in the entomology laboratory and in the fields of Ha Tay province. ULV spraying was implemented in Hiengiang commune, Thuongtin district, in comparison with a control area, Van Mo commune in Ha Dong town.\r\n', u'Results and conclusions: : Cynoff 25 ULV had a high efficacy that kills over 90% of 2 dengue vector species, namely Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopicctus after 24 hours exposure at the distance of 30 meters from the brass nozzle of a STIHL SR 400 sprayer. In the field trials, Cynoff 25 ULV also had high efficacy in killing Aedes species, e.g. 100% of Aedes species were killed after spraying and the effects lasted for 3 months for Aedes aegypti and one month for Aedes albopictus species. The insecticide had no side-effects or any other adverse effects to humans, livestock and the environment in the intervention areas. \r\n', u'
cynoff 25 ULV ; aedes species ; dengue vectors

Objectives: This study was conducted to measure financial toxicity (FT) among patients with cancer in Vietnam using the COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity (COST) and to describe the cost management strategies employed by these patients. Methods: This comprehensive cross-sectional study enrolled 634 patients from 2 specialized oncology hospitals in Vietnam. Using COST cut-off scores, FT was classified as none/mild (≥26), moderate (14-25), or severe (≤13). Cost management strategies, or coping mechanisms, were classified into 4 groups: lifestyle changes, financial resource strategies, treatment modifications, and support seeking. Results: The prevalence of FT was 91.8%, with 51.7% of participants demonstrating severe and 40.1% exhibiting moderate FT. Severe FT was significantly associated with female, low education level, unstable employment, low household economic status, and advanced cancer stage. The most common coping strategies were as follows: among lifestyle changes, reducing spending on basic items and leisure activities (78.7%) and cutting back on essential household expenses (66.4%); among financial resource strategies, borrowing money from relatives or friends (49.1%) and withdrawing funds from retirement or savings accounts (34.1%); within treatment modifications, switching treatment facilities or doctors due to cost concerns (9.3%); and within support seeking, obtaining help from welfare or community organizations (18.8%). All strategies were significantly more likely to be used by patients with severe FT. Conclusions FT was highly prevalent among patients with cancer. Most patients relied on lifestyle adjustments and coping strategies, underscoring the need for improved financial support systems to alleviate the economic burden associated with cancer care.

Objectives: We assessed the prevalence of stress, anxiety, and depression among adolescents living in families with separated or divorced parents in Hue City, Vietnam and identified factors associated with these conditions. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 309 adolescents, aged 12 to 17 years, living in families with separated or divorced parents in Hue City, Vietnam. The depression anxiety stress scale-21 (DASS-21) was used to measure stress, anxiety, and depression. Predictors of overall and individual mental health problems were identified using ordered and binary logistic regression, respectively. Results: The DASS-21 scale revealed a 49.2% prevalence of stress, while anxiety and depression had s prevalence rates of 61.5%. Among participants, 42.4% experienced all 3 mental health issues. Several factors were identified as significant predictors of mental health problems, including poor to average economic status (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21–3.31; p=0.007); being in high school (aOR, 5.02; 95% CI, 2.93–8.60; p<0.001); maternal occupation of teacher, healthcare professional, or official (aOR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.13–5.03; p=0.022); longer duration of family separation or divorce (aOR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.05–1.45; p=0.009); living with one’s mother (aOR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.03–2.76; p=0.04); alcohol consumption (aOR, 1.70; 95% CI, 0.99–2.92; p=0.050); and being bullied (aOR, 5.33; 95% CI, 1.10–25.69; p=0.037). Most of these factors were associated with stress, anxiety, and depression. Additionally, smoking was associated with stress. Conclusion Adolescents with separated or divorced parents were at increased risk of stress, anxiety, and depression. The findings of this study provide important implications for prevention programs.