The crucial role of cell death in many diseases is obvious and has intense researches to understand the regulation of apoptotic pathways. Caspase activation is central to many of the apoptotic pathways. In recent years, the research on the regulation and activation of caspase has made a great progress. Caspase inhibitors prevent active caspases from committing the cell to irreversible destruction. This review will mainly focus on the characteristics of natural anticaspase inhibitor-IAP, regulation of IAP expression, mechanisms of action of IAP.

To make sure the compliance of education about how to preventing sharp instrument injuries among clinical nurses, and then propose certain effective countermeasures to preventing sharp instrument injuries. Methods Using the questionnaire which was designed according to the requirement of preventing sharp instrument injuries in clinical nursing cares to investigated 1291 nurses from 22 hospitals, and then analyzed the datum which had summarized from this investigation. Results The self-prevention of sharp instrument injuries in clinical nursing cares was weak in general. There were 11.93% nurses know nothing about how to preventing sharp instrument injuries. The ratio of usually washing hands before and after touch patients was 33.23% , and the ratio of usually wearing gloves when doing some operation which maybe touch blood was 23.01 %. There were 976 accidents of sharp instrument injuries in this investigation, the ratio of report was only 23.16%. Conclusion Reinforce the education about how to preventing sharp instrument injuries among clinical nurses is an effective method to low down the incidence rate of sharp instrument injuries, and then avoid the risk of infection which come from clinical nursing operation.

At present,the study of intestinal absorption of oral drugs mainly includes in vitro,in vivo and in situ methods.In view of the advantages of in situ intestinal perfusion such as simple operation,mature technology,controllable,ensure the neuroendocrine regulation and blood supply,and so on,which could better reflect the true situation of drug absorption.In this study,the research methods and characteristics of intestinal absorption of oral drugs were systematically introduced.The recirculating perfusion method and single-pass perfusion method were compared,and several volume correction methods were also introduced.In order to ensure the operability and accuracy of experimental results,proper experiment method of intestinal absorption will be adopt according to the factors such as drug characters,experiment requirements,experimental conditions,and so on.The article provides a scientific basis for the development of pharmaceutical dosage and clinical rational drug use.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for clinical individual medication of voriconatole. METHODS:The distribution of MIC of voriconazole to Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans were summarized as well as the pharmacokinetic parameters of voriconazole in different populations. Using probability of target attainment(PTA)and cumulative fraction of response(CFR)as indexes,crystal ball software 11.1.2.4 was used for Monte Carlo simulation of different dosage regimens of same population and same dosage regimen of different populations. RESULTS:For children with impaired immunity,when the drug doses of were 4,6 mg/kg and MIC was lower than 0.125 mg/L,PTA was higher than 90%;when the drug doses was increased to 8 mg/kg and MIC was lower than 0.125 mg/L,PTA was higher than 90%. For different populations receiving same dosage regimens(4 mg/kg),MIC of teenagers with impaired immunity was lower than 0.25 mg/L and those of healthy adults,patients underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and adults with impaired immunity were all lower than 0.5 mg/L,PTA was higher than 90%. CFR to A. fumigatus were 42.53%,58.41%,77.74%,70.16%,89.40%,93.72%,95.42% and CFR to C. albicans were 96.68%,97.13%,97.94%, 97.54%,98.07%,98.28%,98.35%among children with impaired immunity receiving different drug doses(4,6,8 mg/kg)and dif-ferent populations receiving drug dose of 4 mg/kg(teenagers with impaired immunity,healthy adults,patients underwent hemato-poietic stem cell transplantation,adults with impaired immunity). CONCLUSIONS:Various dosage regimens of different popula-tions included in this study could effectively control C. albicans infection. It is necessary to increase the drug dose of children and teenagers with impaired immunity in order to meet the needs of A. fumigatus infection treatment.

Objective To investigate the influence of streptozocin (STZ)'s dose on the inductive effect of diabetes in C57BL/6J mice, and investigate the dose-effect relationship and the optimal dose range. Methods 145 C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 9 diabetic groups (group A to group 1, n = 15 in each group) and I control group (n = I0) to receive intraperitoneal injection of STZ with the dosages of 30, 60, 80, 100, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 mg/kg and same amount of buffer solution,respectively. Changes of blood glucose, body weight, survival rate at 45 day and serum insulin level were monitored, and the relationship with STZ doses was analyzed. Pancreas and kidneys of the mice were removed for morphological examination, and immunohistochemistry was used for determination of insulin in pancreas and CD<,68> in kidneys. Results Compared with control group, blood glucose in group C ～G increased significantly; body weigh, insulin level decreased significantly (P < 0.05), and the STZ dose was positively correlated with mean blood glucose (r = -0.984, P < 0.05) and was negatively correlated with mean serum insulin levels (r = 0.994, P <0.05). The diabetes modeling rates in group C ～ G (86.7% ～ 100%) were higher than those of group A and B (0 and 40%, P<0.05). At the 45th day, the survival rates of group C ～G (46.7% ～ 73.3%) were higher than those of group H and 1 (13.3% and 0, P <0.05). There was no obvious injury of pancreas and kidneys in group B, whereas, in group C and G, pancreatic island atrophy and decreased insulin secretion were observed; deposits of extracellular matrix and macrophage increased in the mesangium were also present. Conclusions 80 ～ 180 mg/kg of STZ dose was ideal for establishing diabetes model in C57BL/6J mice. Within this range, the modeling rate and survival rate was higher, and target organs injury was typical. The STZ dose was positively correlated with blood glucose and negatively correlated with serum insulin levels.

Objective To investigate the protective function of edaravone in the compressed spinal cord.Methods There were 150 rabbits enrolled in each group in the experiment.Rabbits in both operation group and edaravone (EDA) treating group received mild spinal cord compressionby setting a flap head screw between C6 C7 after the neck.The spinal cord decompression was conducted seven days later.After 6 hours,rabbits in the EDA treating group were injected with a large amount of EDA through ear border veins,while the rabbits in the operation group only received 0.9％ sodium chloride injection.The transmission electron microscope was used to observe the apoptotic bodies at 1 day,3 days and 7 days after compression,and 1 day,3 days,7 days,and 14 days after decompression.Flow cytometry was used to test the rate of apoptosis of spinal cord cells.Immunohistochemistry was used to test the expression of Bax protein that is related to apoptosis.Results The neuronal apoptosis appeared after compression in both operation group and EDA-treating group.The Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) score,neuronal apoptosis rates,and Bax protein expressions in both groups were statistically different (P ＜ 0.05) when the spinal cord was compressed in the first day and the third day,while there was no statistically different when spinal cord compressed at the seventh day (P ＞ 0.05).After decompression of the spinal cord,the BBB score,neuronal apoptosis rates,and Bax protein expressions in both groups were becoming lower at the seventh day (P ＜0.05).Conclusions EDA has protective function for compressed spinal cord.However,only the compression of spinal cord compression period of sufficient decompression can fundamentally protect the spinal cord.

This article reported a case of fetal testicular torsion diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound. Ultrasound examination at 38 weeks of gestation showed a slightly enhanced echo in the left testicle of the fetus and fluid accumulation within the testicular sheath cavity and between the sheath and fascia, presenting a 'double-ring' sign. An emergency cesarean section was performed considering the risk of acute fetal testicular torsion. Postnatal ultrasound images revealed abnormalities in the left testicle of the neonate and peripheral effusion with a 'double-ring' echo. The patient was considered to have congenital testicular torsion (with a high possibility of extravaginal type) and received an emergency treatment of left testicular torsion reduction combined with testicular fixation surgery and right testicular fixation surgery. Six months after surgery, reexamination by ultrasound showed the testicles of the newborn were normal.

Objective To compare the curative effect with high frequent oscillation ventilation (HFOV) and with HFOV + inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) in the treatment of neonatal hypoxic respiratory failure (NRHF).Methods Data of 60 NHRF patients in the People's Hospital of Dehong Prefecture from January 2015 to December 2016 were retrospectively analyzed.The patients were divided into HFOV group (32 cases) and HFOV + iNO group (28 cases) according to the treatment methods.The comparison between the 2 groups was established as following:oxygenation index(OI),arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide [Pa (CO2)] and complications.Results There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in time of birth,gestational age,birth weight,gender ratio and original diseases (all P ＞ 0.05).As for OI there was no significant difference at 0 h between the 2 groups (27.8 ± 3.5 vs.27.6 ± 3.7) (t =0.04,P ＞ 0.05);OI of HFOV + iNO group (11.2 ± 3.4,7.3 ± 3.0,7.0 ± 2.6,respectively) was more significantly decreased than that in the HFOV group (14.5 ± 3.3,9.6 ± 3.0,8.5 ± 2.8,respectively) at 8 h,16 h,24 h,and there were significant differences between the 2 groups (t =3.81,5.16,2.14,all P ＜ 0.05).As for P a (CO2) there was no significant difference at 0 h [(65.14 ± 14.97) mmHg vs.(64.79 ± 13.40) mmHg] (t =0.095,P ＞ 0.05);the changes in Pa (CO2) had no statistically significance difference between HFOV + iNO group and HFOV group at 8 h,16 h,24 h [8 h:(50.71 ± 10.49) mmHg vs.(49.02 ± 11.74) mmHg,16 h:(40.99 ± 12.38) mmHg vs.(40.02 ± 12.04) mmHg,and 24 h:(39.01 ±9.80) mmHg vs.(38.00 ±7.85) mmHg,all P ＞0.05].As for the complications,there was no difference between the 2 groups in pulmonary air leak,pneumorrhagia,intracranial hemorrhage,blood platelet ＜100 × 109/L,methemoglobin concentration ＞ 3％,or dysfunction of blood coagulation (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Both HFOV and HFOV + iNO methods are effective for NRHF.Treatment with HFOV + iNO method is more effective.Treatment for NHRF with HFOV + iNO is safe,effective,without complication increase in a short term.

OBJECTIVETo investigated the chemical structures and bioactivity of polysaccharides from Isatidis Radix.

METHODPolysaccharides were extracted and purified by column chromatograph and their chemical structures were identified by UV, IR, NMR, periodic acid oxadation and Smith degradation method and their stimulation effects to macrophage were evaluated by using MTT method.

RESULTFive polysaccharides, polysaccharide A , B, C, D and E were gotten and their molecular weights were 2 000, 1 757.1, 1 34 2.7, 955.6, 11.7 kDa, respectively. Polysaccharide A was composed of arabinose, polysaccharide E was composed of arabinose and galactose, polysaccharides B, C, D were composed of glucose and 1 --> 2, 1 --> 3, 1 --> 4, 1 --> 6 linkages existed in polysaccharides A-E, of A, B, C, D, E were alpha-configurations. Polysaccharides B, C and D showed better bioactivity than polysaccharides A and E with stimulation index (SI) of 5.31, 4.76, 5.17.

CONCLUSIONFive polysaccharides are seperated firstly from Isatidis Radix.

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS); it serves as a model for the human multiple sclerosis (MS). In mice, EAE is mediated by T cells specific for various myelin basic proteins which migrate from the periphery to the CNS. In search of a way to prevent the induction and progression of EAE, we observed the effects of recombinant immunotoxin IP10-DT390 on blocking or eliminating the active T cells in the EAE model. In this paper is presented an experimental gene therapy-based model in which the mice were made resistant to EAE induction by plasmid DNA encoding recombinant immunotoxin that was injected into the leg muscles of mice. The new immuno-biological construct could selectively impair autoreactive T-cell homing while the duration of clinical signs is shorter, and the new construct would not affect other components of the immune response. These data demonstrated the effectiveness of the constructs in the treatment of EAE and suggested its usefulness in the treatment of other autoimmune diseases.
Animals ; Chemokine CXCL10 ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; therapeutic use ; Diphtheria Toxin ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; therapeutic use ; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental ; immunology ; pathology ; therapy ; Female ; Genetic Therapy ; Immunoglobulin Fragments ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; therapeutic use ; Immunotoxins ; genetics ; metabolism ; therapeutic use ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Receptors, CXCR3 ; metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; therapeutic use ; Recombinant Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; therapeutic use ; T-Lymphocytes ; immunology ; Transfection