AIM To study the influence of indapamide(Ind) on pharmacokinetics of telmisartan(Tel) and observe the difference between male and female rats. METHODS Wistar rats were divided into Tel and Tel+Ind groups, each group containing 8 female and 8 male rats, and were ig administered a single dose of either Tel 3.6 mg·kg-1 or Tel 3.6 mg·kg-1+Ind 0.135 mg·kg-1, respectively. Blood samples were collected at intervals over 96 h after administration. The Tel concentrations in plasma were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector. The Tel concentration-time curves were simulated by 3p97 software and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. RESULTS Whatever in female or male rats, there were no significant differences in the main pharmacokinetic parameters of Tel between Tel and Tel+Ind groups. However, females had higher values for area under the concentration-time curve and maximum plasma concentration than males, but lower values for total clearance in both Tel and Tel+Ind groups. CONCLUSION Ind has no significant influences on the pharmacokinetics of Tel. However, pharmacokinetics of Tel is significant different between male and female rats.

Objective To investigate the effect and safety of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with topical aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in moderate to severe acne. Methods Seventy patients with moderate to severe acne were randomly divided into two groups, one group was treated with topical ALA-PDT for 1-3 sessions with an interval of 2 weeks, the other group received oral isotretinoin 10 mg twice a day for 6 weeks. Patients were evaluated for efficacy on week 2, 4 and 6 after the initial treatment. A 3-month follow up was performed to monitor adverse events following the end treatment. Results The total effective rate was 97.1% in ALA-PDT group after 1-3 sessions of treatment, 80.0% in the control group on week 6, and the difference was significant between the two groups (P<0.05). Acne lesions tended to recur more slightly with a longer remission period in ALA-PDT group than in the control group. A temporary and local pigmentation was observed in some patients treated with ALA-PDT, but no scar was noticed. Conclusion Topical ALA-PDT is a simple and effective treatment option for moderate to severe acne with mild side effects.

Objective:To develop an evidence-based nursing program for a patient with oral complications of dysphagia due to cerebral infarction.Methods:According to the principle of PICO, and the problem of patients' clinical manifestations, using the method of combining subject words and free words, the database of Uptodate, NICE, SIGN. RNAO, medical pulse guide network, BMJ, Cochranc library, PubMed, EMbase, CINAHL, China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched and collected the clinical guidelines, systematic evaluation and randomized controlled trial of oral complications in patients with dysphagia of cerebral infarction.Results:Totally 1 clinical decision, 5 clinical guidelines, 4 expert consensus, 2 systematic evaluations, 1 Meta-analysis, 3 randomized controlled trial (RCT) were included. Based on the search results and the patient′s condition and wishes, nurses performed swallowing function tests every two days according to the Standard Swallowing function rating Scale (SSA), raised the head of the bed 40°~45° and holded it for 1 hour. Three times a day, the teeth were brushed with chlorhexidine oral care solution under negative pressure. Sputum scab was removed by mechanical scrubbing. The back of tongue was scrubbed by 6x tongue scraping technique every night. After the infection was controlled, the teeth were washed twice a day with 0.9% sodium chloride solution. Oral condition and swallowing function were evaluated daily. High flow humidification oxygen therapy and mask spray atomization inhalation were used. Swallowing training was performed on the third day after admission. Seven days after the evidence was applied to clinical practice, the oral mucosa was moist without peculiar smell and sputum scab, and the swallowing function was changed from grade IV to grade II.Conclusion:Nursing cerebral infarction patients with dysphagia, nurses should timely assess the patient's oral cavity and swallowing function, the application of chlorhexidine and 0.9% sodium chloride solution oral care solution mechanical scrubbing method and negative pressure washing brushing method can effectively remove sputum scab, use 6x tongue scraping technology to scrub the back of tongue, can reduce micro organisms, reduce halitosis; the application of nasal mask high flow humidification oxygen therapy and spray atomization inhalation humidification effect is obvious Therefore, early swallowing training can reduce the incidence of oral complications.

Objective To evaluate the usefulness of protoporphyrin Ⅸ (PpIX) fluorescence diagnosis after topical application of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in human papillomavirus (HPV) related diseases.Methods Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) was conducted in 36 patients clinically diagnosed as genital condylomata acuminata. PpIX fluorescence was observed 2 hours following the application of 5-aminole-vulinic acid 20% cream on the lesions and subclinical lesions of these patients. Biopsy samples were resected from the lesions, subclinical lesions, and normal skin area (0.5 cm and 2 cm around the lesions) of the patients,and subjected to histopathological examination and microarray analysis for HPV DNA. Acetowhitening test was also performed at the four skin areas. Results Of the 36 patients, 30 were diagnosed as condylomata acuminata, 5 as bowenoid papulosis, and 1 as keratosis seborrheica by histopathological examination.Brick-red fluorescence of PpIX was observed in both lesions and subclinical lesions of all patients with condylomata acuminata and those with bowenoid papulosis, in subclinical lesions of 28 patients, at the area 0.5 cm around the lesions of 17 patients, and at the area 2 cm around the lesions of 5 patients. Acetowhitening and HPV DNA were also positive in lesions and subclinical lesions of patients with condylomata acuminata and those with bowenoid papulosis. Mucosa, inflammatory infiltration area and erosion tissue were prone to develop nonspecific PpIX fluorescence. Conclusions ALA-PpIX-mediated PDD can be used for the diag-nosis of clinical and subclinical HPV infection, as well as 'the location of latent HPV infection, however, it'snot recommended to be used in mucosa, inflammatory infiltration area or erosion tissue.

Objective To investigate the optimal concentration and incubation time of 5-aminole-vulinic acid (ALA) in photodynamic therapy of acne vulgaris. Methods Thirty patients with facial acne vulgaris were equally divided into two groups. In group 1, ALA (10%)cream was applied to acne lesions and protoporphyrin Ⅸ (PpⅨ) fluorescence was examined visually and spectroscopically at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours. In group 2, ALA cream of 3%, 5% and 10% was applied to lesions in the right cheek, left cheek, and forehead, respectively, of the same patient and incubated for 3 hours followed by photodynamie diagnosis and quantification of fluorescence intensity; clinical outcome and side effects were analyzed. Results Strong brick red PpⅨ fluorescence was observed in inflammatory papules, pustules, and cysts alter applica-tion of 10% ALA cream and irradiation with excitation light. The relative intensity of Ppix fluorescence was 1.3, 4.3, 5.1 and 5.8 in comedones, inflammatory papules, pustules and cysts, respectively, and it increased with the severity of lesions. A higher intensity of PpⅨ fluorescence was noted in patients with longer incu-bation period (3, 4 or 5 hours) compared with those with shorter incubation period (1 or 2 hours), and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in PpⅨ fluorescence intensity among lesions receiving ALA of different concentrations (P > 0.05). The overall clearance rate was 73% (11/15) after two courses of ALA-photodynamic therapy (PDT) in group 2. Side effects mainly included mild to moderate erythema, swelling and little exudation (occasionally). A transient pigmentation was observed in 2 patients. Neither ulceration nor scarring was noted. Conclusions ALA-PDT is suitable for the manage-ment of acne vulgaris mainly characterized by inflammatory papules, pustules and cysts. The results strongly suggest that 3% and 3 hours are the optimal concentration and incubation time of ALA in PDT of acne vulgaris.

Fatigue is commonly experienced in patients with advanced kidney disease and associated with poor outcomes. The purpose of this review was to discuss the prevalence, assessment methods and contributing factors of fatigue in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and also examined possible interventions to improve fatigue and concludes by defining some future research directions.

Objective:To systematically review the prevalence, influencing factors of financial toxicity and coping strategies in cancer patients.Methods:The studies on financial toxicity among cancer patients were searched in PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CINAHL, WangFang Data, CNKI, Sinomed, VIP from inception to June 2022. Stata14.0 software was used to analyze the prevalence of financial toxicity and coping strategies with a single group meta-analysis. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors.Results:A total of 25 papers including 2 939 cancer patients were included. Meta-analysis results showed that the prevalence of financial toxicity in cancer patients was 47% (95% CI 39%-55%). The influencing factors of financial toxicity included sociodemographic factors, disease related factors, medical insurance related factors and psychological factors. Conclusions:The high incidence of financial toxicity in cancer patients is associated with a variety of factors. Health care professionals should pay attention to early screening of cancer patients, dynamically collect relevant data such as patient expenditure items, continuously assess patients' economic status, and make relevant preventive efforts.

Financial toxicity increases the risk of negative health outcomes for cancer patients,and therefore timely intervention is crucial.Research on intervention in financialtoxicity has made some progress abroad,however,there is limited research in China currently.This article reviewed the intervention strategies for financial toxicity in cancer patients abroad and provides a reference for establishing systematic intervention programs in clinical work.

Objective To analyse the concept of subjective financial distress in cancer patients.Methods Papers in regarding the subjective financial distress were retrieved from the databases such as China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wangfang Database,PubMed,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,CINAHL,and Embase from the inceptions to 16th October,2022.Walker and Avant's concept analysis was performed to analyse the acquired articles.Results A total of 48 articles were retrieved and included in the study.Walker and Avant's concept analysis showed that the subjective financial distress in the patients was subject to the 3 defining attributes:perceived economic risk,coping behaviours,and negative emotional reactions.The antecedents of this distress included individual factors,disease and treatment factors,and social factors.The consequences of them were the increase in negative health behaviours and poorer quality of life.Conclusions The attributes,antecedents and consequences of subjective financial distress,as identified through the conceptual analysis,can serve as a reference for subsequent researches.In future studies,it would be beneficial by further exploring the connotation by considering China's healthcare system.

Bacterial Typing Techniques ; China ; Genotype ; Humans ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis