The dialysis method was employed to prepare blank and doxorubicin (DOX) loaded micelles formed by temperature- and pH- sensitive polyhistidine-co-polyDL-lactide-co-glycolide-co-polyethyleneglycol-co-polyDL-lactide-co-glycolide-co-polyhistidine (PHis-b-PLGA-b-PEG-b-PLGA-b-PHis). The critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of the copolymers were measured with Pyrene Fluorescent Probe Technique. The temperature- and pH- sensitive properties of the blank micelles solution were investigated by optical transmittance measurement. The morphology and diameter of DOX micelles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The entrapment rate and drug-loading rate were determined with dialysis method. The in vitro release study was further performed to examine the temperature- and pH-responsive drug release behavior from DOX-loaded micelles. The results indicated that the CMC, entrapment efficiency and drug-loaded amount of the micelles were 7.5 x 10(-3) g x L(-1), 85.2 +/- 3.1% and 10.4 +/- 4.5%, respectively. The DOX micelle was globular-shaped with a mean diameter of 91.1 +/- 15.8 nm. The transmittance of micelle solution consistently increased with the increasing temperature or decreasing pH. In comparison to the drug release profile at physiological conditions (37 degrees C, pH 7.4), the DOX-loaded micelles showed faster drug release rate at higher temperature (41 degrees C), lower pH (pH 7.0, pH 6.5, pH 5.0) or higher temperature and lower pH (41 degrees C, pH 5.0). This indicated that the micelles showed a temperature and pH-triggered drug release pattern. Base on the above results, it can be concluded that PHis-b-PLGA-b-PEG-b-PLGA-b-PHis block copolymer micelles which respond to temperature and pH stimuli are promising smart carriers for anti-tumor drugs with the advantages of temperature- and pH- triggered drug release.

Objective To prevent the medical personnel from infection during aeromedical evacuation of fulminating respiratory infectious disease patients by exploring the changes of differential pressure between those in and out of the negative-pressure isolation capsule and analyzing the stability of the capsule during aeromedical evacuation.Methods A differential pressure monitor developed by Institute of Medical Equipment was used for real-time recording of the changes the differential pressure in and out of the capsule during five flight phases of the aircraft,and the safety of the capsule during aeromedical evacuation and corresponding considerations were investigated.Results The maximum and minimum values of the negative pressure in the capsule were-60 Pa and-120 Pa respectively during aeromedical evacuation,which were all less than the safety threshold-15 Pa.The negative pressure was is directly proportional to the flying altitude.Conclusion The capsule keeps negative pressure effectively during flight,and thus facilitates patient aeromedial evacuation greatly.

Objective To observe the clinical effects of tibial locking multidirectional interlocking intramedullary nail (TLMIIN) for tibial plateau fractures. Methods 38 cases with closed tibial plateau fractures treated by TLMIIN from October 2008 to May 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 22 males and 16 females, with an average age of 48.7 years (range, 28-67 years). There were 24 fractures on the left side while the other 14 factures were on the right side, which were all fresh frac?tures. According to AO/OTA classification of tibial plateau fractures, there were 4 cases of B1, 1 case of B2, 14 cases of B3, 8 cas?es of C1, 5 cases of C2 and 6 cases of C3. Close reduction were performed on 4 cases (10.5%of all cases). Open reduction were performed on the other 34 cases. The limited incision was decided by the distribution of the fragments and fracture line. Hohl?Luck evaluation system was applied for the follow?up. Results The mean follow?up period was 18.1 months (range, 11-23 months). All fractures were healed at an average period of 87.4 days (range, 48-131 days). The average time from operation to full weight?bearing was 108.9 days (range, 80-128 days). Hohl?Luck evaluation system was used in the final follow?up. The excellent and good rate of functional score was 94.7%(36/38), including 28 cases excellent, 8 cases good and 2 cases fair from functional as?pect. The excellent and good rate of radiological score was 84.2%(32/38), including 23 cases excellent, 9 cases good and 6 cases fair from radiological aspect. No complications such as infection, breakage and loosening of the screw, malunion, nonunion oc?curred at the time of the latest follow?up. 6 cases with serious swelling of the knee joint and the soft tissue of crus were cured by an?ticoagulation, dehydration and physiotherapy treatments after operation. The 2 cases with a little exudates and incrustation was bacterial cultured negative and healed after 16 days and 18 days on the incision. 1 case had lost of reduction due to weight?bearing 1 week after operation, who had 25 degree of varus deformity, which was left dispose, and the bone healing and joint function were unaffected. Conclusion The intramedullary support, restrictive and non?restrictive multidirectional tridimensional fixation of TLMIIN technology had satisfactory effects in treating plateau fractures. It can supply a new therapeutic method, with little dam?age of soft tissues when taking out the internal fixation and reduce some postoperative complications.

Objective:To investigate the effect of Superfine Cordyceps militarisv Powder on the immune functions of the mice,and to provide basis for improving the utilizable ratio of Cordyceps militaris.Methods:A total of 40 mice were randomly divided into negative control group,low dose (0.166 5 g·kg-1),middle dose (0.333 3 g·kg-1),and high dose (0.999 9 g·kg-1) of Superfine Cordyceps militaris Powder groups,and there were 10 mice in each group.The mice in different doses of Superfine Cordyceps militaris Powder groups were administered with the Superfine Cordyceps militaris Powder for 30 d by intragastric infusion respectively,whereas,the mice in negative control group were administered with the same volume of water for 30 d by intragastric infusion.The body weights,the spleen indexes and thymus indexes of the mice in various groups were measured;the lymphocyte transformation abilities of the mice in various groups were observed by lymphocyte transformation experiment;the levels of delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction of the mice were examined with toe incrassation;the number of antibody forming cells,phagocytic rate and phagocytic index of chicken erythrocytes phagocytized by peritoneal macrophages of the mice were detected.Results:Compared with negative control group,the body weights,the spleen indexes a nd thymus indexes of the mice in different doses of Superfine Cordyceps militaris Powder groups had no significant differences (P>0.05).The lymphocyte transformation abilities of the mice in middle and high doses of Superfine Cordyceps militarisPowder groups were higher than that in negative control group(P<0.05).The levels of delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction of the mice in middle and high doses of Superfine Cordyceps militaris Powder groups were higher than those in low dose of Superfine Cordyceps militaris powder group and negative control group(P<0.05).The numbers of antibody forming cells of the mice in low,middle and high doses of Superfine Cordyceps militaris Powder groups were higher than that in negative control group(P<0.05).The phagocytic rates and phagocytic indexes of chicken erythrocytes phagocytized by peritoneal macrophage of the mice in low,middle and high doses of Superfine Cordyceps militaris Powder groups were higher than that in negative control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Superfine Cordyceps militaris Powder can strengthen the immune functions of the mice,and the recommended doses are 0.333 3 and 0.999 9 g·kg-1.

Objective To investigate the current status of application of the Confusion assessment method for the Intensive Care Unit (Cam-ICU),and to explore its influencing factors.Methods A total of 300 patients admitted to were enrolled.The researchers and nurses used Cam-ICU to assess patients' delirium,respectively,and the differences in deliriun assessment were analyzed.Results For delirium assessment,the Kappa value was 0.546 between the researchers and nurses.The consensus rate was 17.6％ for hypoactive delirium,and 77.8％ for hyperactive delirium in 44 delirium patients.Logistic regression analysis showed that APACHE Ⅱ score,RASS score and delirium type were influencing factors of accurate assessment of delirium.Conclusion The consistence of assessment of delirium by ICU nurses is generally good,but the accuracy of assessment of hypoactive delirium is the worst.

Objective To explore the nursing effect of modified prone position and traditional prone position in the skin protection of patients with prone position in ICU. Methods A total of 60 ICU patients with prone position treatment were selected in June 2014 to May 2015. According to the digital method the patients were randomly divided into the control group and the experimental group with 30 cases in each.The control group adopted traditional way of prone position with the head and chest pad pushed up. used by patients not pad up way of improvement of prone position. The incidence of skin pressure injury and the incidence of stress in the two groups were compared. Results The incidence of skin pressure injury was 20.0％(6/30) in the experimental group and 66.7％(20/30) in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=13.30, P < 0.05). Conclusions Modified prone position has obvious advantages in reducing the incidence of skin pressure ulcer and is suitable for patients with clinical prone position.

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of ICU nurse-performed lung ultrasound in screening the reason of dyspnea in ICU patients, and to explore the effect on nursing decisions. Methods: ICU nurses trained on lung ultrasound with 16 hours performed point-of-care lung ultrasound in patient with acute respiratory failure to assess the condition of the patient′s lungs and screen for pleural effusion, atelectasis/lung consolidation. Etc; Repeated examinations by ICU physicians accredited by the International Critical Ultrasound Alliance to evaluate the accuracy of ICU nurse interpretation. Results: A total of 510 lung ultrasonographic examinations were performed in 51 patients. Compared with physicians, ICU nurses correctly interpreted 472 ultrasound signs, accounting for 92.53%. ICU nurses found that the sensitivity of the pleural effusion was 86.7%, the specificity was 95.2%, and the diagnostic accuracy rate was 90.2%, and Youden index was 81.9%. The ultrasonography revealed a sensitivity of 92.1% for atelectic/pulmonary consolidation and a specificity of 92.3.%, the diagnostic accuracy rate was 92.2% and Youden index was 84.4%. Conclusion ICU nurses who have undergone standardized training can correctly interpret lung ultrasound signs and have good diagnostic value for screening of pleural effusions and atelectasis/lung consolidation; they provide the basis for optimization of chest physiotherapy programs.

Objective:To analyze the correlation between capillary filling time (CRT) and lactate clearance rate in patients with septic shock, so as to provide reference for the clinical application of CRT in patients with septic shock.Methods:A prospective study was conducted on 70 patients with septic shock. CRT, mean arterial pressure (map) and sequential organ failure (SOFA) score, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Scoring System (APACHE Ⅱ) score, mechanical ventilation and lactate clearance rate were collected at 3 sites (forehead, knee and nail bed) respectively at 2 time points after admission and 6 hours after admission. The correlation between CRT changes and lactate clearance rate was compared.Results:When lactate clearance rate of more than 10% in 6 hours, the Pearson coefficients of the three sites were 0.823 for nail bed ( P<0.05), 0.232 for forehead and 0.254 for knee ( P>0.05). When lactate clearance rate of less than 10% in 6 hours, the Pearson coefficients of the three sites were 0.299 for nail bed, 0.247 for forehead and 0.254 for knee ( P>0.05). Conclusion:When lactate clearance rate of more than 10% in 6 hours, there is a good correlation between the CRT of nail bed and the lactate clearance rate of patients. The CRT of nail bed can be a practical tool for clinical evaluation of microcirculation.

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is often treated with drugs such as interferons and nucleoside (acid)/nucleotide (acid) analogs. While these drugs are effective in controlling the viral loads, they are not able to eliminate hepatitis B virus (HBV) from the body completely. Besides, side effects and drug resistance may by caused by the long-term use of these drugs. Several monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) against HBV, mostly against hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), have been demonstrated with viral neutralization capability and with effective inhibition of HBV replication in relevant animal models. The use of a McAb individually or in combination with another therapy has the potentials to achieve functional cure of CHB. In this review, we summarized the encouraging results from the research and development of anti-HBV McAbs in clinical or pre-clinical development stage, aiming to provide new idea for the treatment of CHB.

Thimerosal has been widely used as a preservative in drug and vaccine products for decades.Due to the strong propensity to modify thiols in proteins,conformational changes could occur due to covalent bond formation between ethylmercury(a degradant of thimerosal)and thiols.Such a conformational change could lead to partial or even complete loss of desirable protein function.This study aims to investigate the effects of thimerosal on the capsid stability and antigenicity of recombinant human papillomavirus(HPV)18 virus-like particles(VLPs).Dramatic destabilization of the recombinant viral capsid upon thimerosal treatment was observed.Such a negative effect on the thermal stability of VLPs preserved with thimerosal was shown to be dependent on the thimerosal concentration.Two highly neutralizing antibodies,13H12 and 3C3,were found to be the most sensitive to thimerosal treatment.The kinetics of antigenicity loss,when monitored with 13H12 or 3C3 as probes,yielded two distinctly different sets of kinetic parameters,while the data from both monoclonal antibodies(mAbs)followed a biphasic expo-nential decay model.The potential effect of thimerosal on protein function,particularly for thiol-containing proteinaceous active components,needs to be comprehensively characterized during formulation development when a preservative is necessary.