Objective To investigate current status and problems of coagulation factor Ⅷ and Ⅸ assay in domestic laboratories so as to provide the reference for implementing the standardization and quality improvement.Methods A questionnaire survey was carried out in 76 laboratories,and quality control materials were distributed to 54 laboratories for activity assay.The questionnaire information was analyzed statistically.Test results of quality control materials were classified into three groups according to the reagents and the ranked grading analysis were used to evaluate the performance.Results This research was investigative study.The amount of sample was less than 30 per month in 72％ (52/72)of laboratories.The frequencies of calibration were different,and 33％ (24/72) of laboratories did not perform calibration in a different assay batch.39％ (28/72)of laboratories did not run internal quality control,and about 21％ (15/ 72) of laboratories just performed the normal level quality control.Individual laboratories showed a high cumulative CV (＞ 30％) of intemal quality control.For normal FⅧ and FⅨ control materials,the CV of results were 11.3％-18.2％ and 11.3％-17.9％ respectively as well as 15.3％-20.3％ and 19.5％-21％ for abnormal.Of the three groups,the proportions of laboratories which the FⅧ test results out with consensus were18％,24％ and 22％ as well as 20％,24％ and 28％ for FⅨ.Conclusions The key requirements for quality control of coagulation factors active assay remain to be addressed and implemented.The repeatability and comparability in some laboratories are not satisfactory to meet the clinical needs.With the purpose of promoting quality improvement,we need to develop guidelines,organize related training and establish a national external quality assessment scheme.

The pediatric reference intervals in clinical laboratory play an important role in diagnosis of illness,therapeutic monitoring,prediction of prognosis and health evaluation.Compared with establishing reference interval for adults,there are more challenges to establish pediatric reference intervals.Therefore,the procedure and key technologies of direct method and indirect method are stated based on the characteristics of children population and pediatric,by which to define,transfer and validate pediatric reference intervals.This study will provide systematically methodological ideas for clinical laboratories to establish pediatric reference intervals.

Currently, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) surveillance mainly relies on sentinel surveillance and the HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) case reporting system to calculate the HIV infection rate, the number of newly reported HIV cases, and the HIV-related mortality rate, while theses measures are not able to directly estimate the HIV incidence. National-level research is conducted to investigate the characteristics of drug-resistant strains of HIV. HIV infection has the characteristics of a covert progression and a long-term latent phase, making it difficult to identify individuals in the acute infection stage. Conventional monitoring method struggles to determine the infection time of individuals, thereby introducing potential biases in the estimation of the incidence and impacting the comprehensive exploration of disease risk factors and the assessment of intervention measures. Recently, test for recent infection (TRI), as one of AIDS epidemic surveillance and intervention assessment measures, has become a vital way to estimate HIV incidence by testing the cross-sectional specimens. TRI can identify recent HIV infection and long-term HIV infection, consisting of serological and molecular method. Serological assays have been widely used because of their low cost, high accuracy of HIV infection incidence estimate and long development history, and their accuracy and simplicity have achieved significant progress in recent years. According to introduct the principle, accuracy and application of TRI, this paper reviews the latest progress, advantages, and limitations of TRI.

Objective:To analyze the epidemic characteristics of reported tuberculosis incidence in Kashgar from 2015 to 2022, and use the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model to predict the incidence, providing references for the local control of pulmonary tuberculosis.Methods:The reported incidence data of tuberculosis in the Kashgar area of Xinjiang from January 2015 to August 2023 were collected through the"Infectious Disease Monitoring System", a subsystem of the "Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System". The epidemic characteristics of reported incidence in this area from 2015 to 2022 were analyzed. Two SARIMA models of monthly reported incidence number and rate were established. The prediction performance of the two models was evaluated using the reported incidence data of tuberculosis from January 2023 to August 2023. The χ2 test was used to analyze population characteristics, and the Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to analyze annual incidence. Results:From 2015 to 2022, 133 972 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were reported in Kashgar, with a yearly reported incidence rate of 383.64/100 000, showing a rising trend ( TCA=77.03, P<0.001) and then a declining trend ( TCA=176.16, P<0.001). The proportion of pathogenic positive pulmonary tuberculosis had increased yearly ( TCA=132.66, P<0.001). The reported onset time was concentrated from January to June each year, with a peak in April. Yengisar County, Zepu County and Yopurga County had the highest reported incidence rate in Kashgar. The sex ratio of men to women was 1.03∶1, and the reported incidence rate of men was higher than that of women ( χ2=27.04, P<0.001). The reported incidence rate of the group aged 60 years and older was the highest. The patient′s occupation was mainly farmers (84.99%). The average relative errors of the SARIMA ( 1, 1, 2) ( 0, 1, 1) 12 model and SARIMA ( 0, 1, 1)( 0, 1, 1) 12 model in predicting the reported monthly incidence number and rate were 11.67% and -9.81%, respectively. Both models had good prediction accuracy (MAPE=33.55%, MAPE=38.22%). Conclusion:The average reported incidence rate of pulmonary tuberculosis in the Kashgar area shows a rising trend first and then a declining trend. The patients are mainly men and farmers, and attention should be paid to the prevention and control of tuberculosis among the elderly in winter and spring. The SARIMA ( 1, 1, 2) ( 0, 1, 1) 12 model and SARIMA ( 0, 1, 1)( 0, 1, 1) 12 model can fit the trend of reported tuberculosis incidence in the Kashgar area well and have good predictive performance.

Objective:To analyze the epidemic characteristics of reported tuberculosis incidence in Kashgar from 2015 to 2022, and use the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model to predict the incidence, providing references for the local control of pulmonary tuberculosis.Methods:The reported incidence data of tuberculosis in the Kashgar area of Xinjiang from January 2015 to August 2023 were collected through the"Infectious Disease Monitoring System", a subsystem of the "Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System". The epidemic characteristics of reported incidence in this area from 2015 to 2022 were analyzed. Two SARIMA models of monthly reported incidence number and rate were established. The prediction performance of the two models was evaluated using the reported incidence data of tuberculosis from January 2023 to August 2023. The χ2 test was used to analyze population characteristics, and the Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to analyze annual incidence. Results:From 2015 to 2022, 133 972 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were reported in Kashgar, with a yearly reported incidence rate of 383.64/100 000, showing a rising trend ( TCA=77.03, P<0.001) and then a declining trend ( TCA=176.16, P<0.001). The proportion of pathogenic positive pulmonary tuberculosis had increased yearly ( TCA=132.66, P<0.001). The reported onset time was concentrated from January to June each year, with a peak in April. Yengisar County, Zepu County and Yopurga County had the highest reported incidence rate in Kashgar. The sex ratio of men to women was 1.03∶1, and the reported incidence rate of men was higher than that of women ( χ2=27.04, P<0.001). The reported incidence rate of the group aged 60 years and older was the highest. The patient′s occupation was mainly farmers (84.99%). The average relative errors of the SARIMA ( 1, 1, 2) ( 0, 1, 1) 12 model and SARIMA ( 0, 1, 1)( 0, 1, 1) 12 model in predicting the reported monthly incidence number and rate were 11.67% and -9.81%, respectively. Both models had good prediction accuracy (MAPE=33.55%, MAPE=38.22%). Conclusion:The average reported incidence rate of pulmonary tuberculosis in the Kashgar area shows a rising trend first and then a declining trend. The patients are mainly men and farmers, and attention should be paid to the prevention and control of tuberculosis among the elderly in winter and spring. The SARIMA ( 1, 1, 2) ( 0, 1, 1) 12 model and SARIMA ( 0, 1, 1)( 0, 1, 1) 12 model can fit the trend of reported tuberculosis incidence in the Kashgar area well and have good predictive performance.

Objective To investigate the expression of the ubiquitination enzyme UBE2S in different cell types in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)microenvironment and its impact on proliferation and stemness of HCC cells.Methods TCGA and CPTAC database were used to analyze the transcriptional and promoter methylation levels and protein expressions of UBE2S in HCC.Specific expression patterns of UBE2S,intercellular communication and key transcription factors in different cell types were analyzed based on single-cell sequencing data from TISCH website.We further examined UBE2S expressions in clinical samples of HCC tissues,HCC cells and T cells using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining.We also tested the effects of UBE2S knockdown on stemness of HCC-LM3 and HepG2 cells using clone formation experiments and sphere formation assay.Results Analysis based on TCGA database suggested significant overexpression of UBE2S in both paired and non-paired tumor tissues(P<0.001),and its transcriptional level increased with tumor grades.The methylation level of UBE2S promoter was significantly decreased in HCC(P<0.001),and its transcription level increased obviously in HCC with TP53 mutation(P<0.001).Analysis of CPTAC database also demonstrated overexpression of UBE2S protein in HCC tissues(P<0.001).Three prognostic models suggested that HCC patients with high UBE2S expression had poorer prognosis(P<0.001).Single-cell sequencing data analysis revealed high expressions of UBE2S in T cells and high intensities of interaction between endothelial cells,epithelial cells and fibroblasts in HCC microenvironment.Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining demonstrated high UBE2S expressions in clinical samples of HCC tissues,HCC cells and T cells.In HCC-LM3 and HepG2 cells,UBE2S knockdown significantly inhibited cell clone formation and tumor sphere formation(P<0.05).Conclusion UBE2S is highly expressed in T cells in HCC microenvironment in close correlation with a poor prognosis.High UBE2S expression promotes the stemness of HCC cells.

Objective To investigate the expression of the ubiquitination enzyme UBE2S in different cell types in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)microenvironment and its impact on proliferation and stemness of HCC cells.Methods TCGA and CPTAC database were used to analyze the transcriptional and promoter methylation levels and protein expressions of UBE2S in HCC.Specific expression patterns of UBE2S,intercellular communication and key transcription factors in different cell types were analyzed based on single-cell sequencing data from TISCH website.We further examined UBE2S expressions in clinical samples of HCC tissues,HCC cells and T cells using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining.We also tested the effects of UBE2S knockdown on stemness of HCC-LM3 and HepG2 cells using clone formation experiments and sphere formation assay.Results Analysis based on TCGA database suggested significant overexpression of UBE2S in both paired and non-paired tumor tissues(P<0.001),and its transcriptional level increased with tumor grades.The methylation level of UBE2S promoter was significantly decreased in HCC(P<0.001),and its transcription level increased obviously in HCC with TP53 mutation(P<0.001).Analysis of CPTAC database also demonstrated overexpression of UBE2S protein in HCC tissues(P<0.001).Three prognostic models suggested that HCC patients with high UBE2S expression had poorer prognosis(P<0.001).Single-cell sequencing data analysis revealed high expressions of UBE2S in T cells and high intensities of interaction between endothelial cells,epithelial cells and fibroblasts in HCC microenvironment.Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining demonstrated high UBE2S expressions in clinical samples of HCC tissues,HCC cells and T cells.In HCC-LM3 and HepG2 cells,UBE2S knockdown significantly inhibited cell clone formation and tumor sphere formation(P<0.05).Conclusion UBE2S is highly expressed in T cells in HCC microenvironment in close correlation with a poor prognosis.High UBE2S expression promotes the stemness of HCC cells.