Ten autopsy cases of bronchiole-alveolar carcinoma (BAC) were reported. Grossly, BAC may be divided into 3 types, i. e. finely nodular, coarsely nodular and diffuse type. Histologic pattern falls into 2 categories: ' (1) alveolar type, (2) papillary type. Metastasis is most frequently mediated through lymphatics, spreading to the regional lymph nodes. Next, they are spread by blood stream. Brain (meningeal carcinomatosis),bone and adrenal glands are the frequent metastasized sites. Pulmonary fibrosis and scar formation seem to be the predisposing factors to BAC.

Objective To determine the role and mechanism of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR) α in a mouse model of D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS)-induced acute liver failure(ALF).Methods Firstly,C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group(n =8),ALF 2h group(n =8),ALF 4h group (n =8),ALF 6h group (n =8).Secondly C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group(n =8),ALF group(n =8),WY14643 group(n =8).To induce ALF,the mice were injected intraperitoneally with D-GalN (700 mg/kg) and LPS (10 μg/kg).WY14643 (6 mg/kg),the selective agonist of PPAR α,was administered via tail vein two hours prior to D-GalN/LPS exposure.Two,four,and six hours after D-GalN/LPS treatment in the first study,mice were anesthetized and blood was collected,6h after D-GalN/LPS treatment in the second study,blood was collected.The liver tissue was harvested for histology and mRNA extraction.Serum levels of ALT and AST were measured to evaluate the hepatic damage.Inflammatory cytokines (TNFα,IL-1β,IL-6) and chemokines (CXCL-1,CXCL-10) were detected by real-time quantitative PCR.Differential protein expression of p-NF-κBp65,p-JNK,p-ERK,p-p38 in inflammatory pathways was detected by Western blotting.Significance of inter-group differences was assessed by one-way ANOVA,and pairwise comparison was performed by the least significant difference test.Results The gene and protein expression of PPAR α were gradually reduced during the development of ALF.Compared with the model group,the liver architecture was better preserved almost with normal morphology in WY14643-treated mice.Serum ALT and AST levels in WY14643-treated group were significantly lower [ALT:(555 ±62)U/L vs (2 898 ±822) U/L,P ＜0.05; AST:(791 ±58) U/L vs (3 013 ±997)U/L,P ＜ 0.05].The expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines was significantly suppressed during the activation of PPAR α.In the second study,the levels of gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were detected in control group,ALF group and WY14643 group respectively as followings:TNFα (0.161 ± 0.085,7.996 ± 1.068,3.346 ± 0.94,P ＜ 0.05),IL-1β(0.041 ±0.002,3.657 ±0.904,0.176±0.089,P＜0.01),IL-6 (0.018 ±0.008,1.762 ±0.589,0.163±0.0487,P ＜0.05),CXCL-1 (0.063 ±0.008,7.881 ±0.966,2.737 ±0.864,P ＜0.01),CXCL-10 (0.054 ±0.005,5.671 ±0.948,2.578 ±0.804,P ＜0.05).Conclusion Our findings first demonstrate that PPARα protects liver from injury in an ALF mouse model by suppressing inflammatory response,indicating PPARα as a potential new therapeutic target for ALF.

Objective To evaluate the effect of Chinese gentian extracts on the proliferation of,apoptosis and phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in HaCaT cells induced by epidermal growth factor (EGF).Methods Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was performed to evaluate the proliferation of HaCaT cells pretreated with EGF of 20 μg/L for 24 hours followed by 24 hours of treatment with various concentrations of Chinese gentian extracts.Flow cytometry was carried out to detect apoptosis in HaCaT cells pretreated with EGF of 20 μg/L for 24 hours followed by 4 hours of treatment with different concentrations of Chinese gentian extracts.Western blot was conducted to measure the level of phosphorylated EGFR in HaCaT cells treated with different concentrations of Chinese gentian extracts for 24 hours followed by treatment with EGF of 20 μg/L for 10 minutes.Results Chinese gentian extracts inhibited the proliferation (r =-0.991,P ＜ 0.01),but promoted the apoptosis (r =0.996,P ＜ 0.05) of HaCaT cells induced by EGF in a dose-dependent manner.At the same time,the extracts suppressed the phosphorylation of EGFR in HaCaT cells induced by EGF,and the suppressing effect increased with the rise in the concentration of the extracts.Conclusions Chinese gentian may inhibit the proliferation,but promote the apoptosis of keratinocytes by decreasing EGFR phosphorylation and blocking relevant intracellular signaling pathways.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of fire-needle therapy in treating scapulohumeral periarthritis, and to observe the changes of pain score and the motor function of shoulder joint. Method Totally 180 patients were randomized into a fire-needle therapy group of 90 cases and a filiform needle group of 90 cases by randomized single-blinded method. Result There were significant differences between the two groups in comparing the recovery rate, motor function of shoulder joint, and the relapse rate 30 d after the whole intervention (P<0.01), while there were no significant differences in Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score and total effective rate (P>0.05). Conclusion Compared to filiform needle therapy, fire-needle therapy can produce a better recovery rate and motor function of shoulder joint in treating scapulohumeral periarthritis.