BACKGROUND: The increase of concentration of plasma homocysteine is the independent risk factor of atherosclerotic and thrombotic cerebral infarction. Genic mutation of methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), which is the metabolic enzyme of homocysteine in thansulfuration and remethylation,can induce the elevation of the concentration of plasma homocysteine.OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship of hyperhomocysteinemia and genic mutation of MTHFR of homocysteine with ischemic cerebrovascular disease in youths.DESIGN: Case-control observation,SETTING: Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital,Jilin UniversityPARTICIPANTS: 100 young patients with cerebral infarction, who were hospitalized within 2 days after episode at the Department of Neurology,China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University between April 2003 and December 2004, were enrolled as case group, 73 males and 27 females, aged 27-45 years old with an average of (42±5) years. 100 cases in control group were healthy people receiving health examination in the same period, 70 males and 30 females, aged 18-45 years old with an average of (39±4) years.METHODS: The homocysteine in fasting plasma of testees was detected with high performance liquid chromatograpy (HPLC). C677T site and A1298C site of MTHFR gene were analyzed with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and detected with armplification refractory mutation system (ARMS).MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Detection of MTHFR C677T and A1298C gene; Relationship between concentration of plasma homocysteine and MTHFR genotype.RESULTS: A total of 100 inclusive patients and 100 normal control people were involved in the result analysis. ①Detection of MTHFR C677Tand A1298C gene: Distribution of genotype, frequency of homozygote and frequency of allele of MTHFR C677T in the case group and control group had significant difference (P ＜ 0.01 ) while the distribution of genotype,frequency of homozygote and frequency of allele of MTHFR A1298C gene in the case group and control group had insignificant difference (P ＞ 0.05 ). ②Relationship between the concentration of plasma homocysteine and MTHFR genotype: The concentration of plasma homocysteine between MTHFR C677T and A1298C genotype had significant difference (P＜ 0.001 ). The mutant result LSD-t check of the 2 sites showed that mean difference of homozygote and heterozygote, homozygote and concentration of wild type homocysteine had statistical significance (P ＜ 0.05). The mean difference of MTHFR C677T and A1298C heterozygote and concentration of wild type homocysteine in plasma had no statistical significance (P＞ 0.05 ).CONCLUSION: The mutation of MTHFR C677T and A1298C leads to the marked increase in the concentration of plasma homocysteine. The MTHFR C677T polymorphism site is the independent risk factor of is chemic cerebrovascular disease in youths. The genic mutation of MTHFR A 1298C has no correlation with the attack of ischemic cerebrovascular disease of youths.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of mescenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation on Tourette syndrome(TS)model rats.MethodsStereotypies can be successfully induced in rats by intrastriatal microinfusion of TS sera.MSC suspension was bilaterally injected into the striatum.Survival and differentiation of transplanted MSC were tested through immunohistochemical analyses.ResultsFlow cytometry results demonstrated that the cells strongly expressed CD29(95.2％ ),CD105(97.2％ ),CD44(96.3％ ) and CD106 (94.1％).TS rats with MSC grafts exhibited significantly decreased stereotypic behaviors at 10 and 14 days(95.5 ±6.6,73.1 ± 6.5 vs.114.1 ± 6.0,108.0 ± 6.4).Immunohistochemistry analyses revealed survival of transplanted MSC and differentiation into neurons and astrocytes in the rat brain.ConclusionIntrastriatal transplantation of human MSC can provide therapeutic potential for TS.

Objective:To explore the feature of family environment and rearing styles of parents of children with Tourette syndrome(TS) and obsessive compulsive disorder(OCD).Methods:33 TS+OCD children , 40 pure TS children and 40 normal controls (criteria of DSM-IV) were collected.The instruments included Family Environment Scale-Chinese Version(FES-CV) and the Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran (EMBU) of Chinese Version. Results:Compared with pure TS group and normal controls group, the scores of cohesion and emotion expression of the TS and OCD group were lower (5.7?1.4/7.1?1.4, 7.6?1.2, P

ISE. Conclusion The neuromuscular blocking effects of 4 antibiotics were significantly greater in diaphragm muscle than those in limb muscles.

Objective To investigate the dose-response relationship of spinal ropivacaine when it is combined with spinal fentanyl 20 ?g for cesarean section. Methods Sixty ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ full-term nulliparous women undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia (CSE) were randomized to receive spinal fentanyl 20?g and ropivacaine 10 mg (group A, n = 20) or 13 mg (group B, n = 20) or 15 mg (group C, n = 20) . Spinal puncture was performed at L2-3 interspace. A catheter was inserted 3 cm in the epidural space cephalad. If spinal analgesia was inadequate 2 % lidocaine was given epidurally. The clinical efficacy was rated based on analgesia, muscle relaxation and visceral traction response as Ⅰ-Ⅳ (Ⅰ= worst, Ⅳ= best). The probit log dose-response relationship was determined. The ED50 and ED95 of ropivacaine for spinal anesthesia when combined with spinal fentanyl 20 ?g were calculated. Complications such as hypotension, nausea, vomiting and shivering were recorded. Results The three groups were comparable with respect to age, sex, body weight, height and duration of operation. The clinical efficacy in group B and C was significantly better than that in group A ( P

azumolene. Conclusion The muscle- relaxing effects of azumolene on diaphragm appeared to be approximately similar to those of dantrolene. The characteristics of action of azumolene and dantrolene were significantly different from those of pancuronium.

BACKGROUND: Temperament plays an important role in psychological development of children. Generally speaking, temperament is genetically determined, but it is also influenced by some other factors. The influential factors studies of temperament are important to promote psychological development and reduce behavior problems of children.OBJECTIVE: To explore the correlation between breastfeeding and temperamental characteristics in children aged 4-5 years old.DESIGN: Random cluster sampling.SETTING: Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Zibo Central Hospital, and Research Institute of Pediatrics, Medical College of Qingdao University.PARTICIPANTS: 737 children (399 males, 338 females) aged 4-5 years old from 8 kindergartens of 4 districts in Zibo were selected from March to June 2005. All the subjects and their parents were informed about the experimental goal.METHODS: With stratified random cluster sampling, 737 children were investigated by NYLS 3-7 years old children temperament questionnaire and self-made inventory questionnaire. The association of 9 dimensions including adaptability, rhythmicity (regularity), activity level, persistence, quality of mood, approach and withdrawal, intension of reaction, distractibility and threshold of responsiveness with feeding type in the first 4 months after birth and duration of breastfeeding was analyzed; the multiple gradual regressive analysis was carried out with each dimension of temperament as the dependent variable and feeding type in the first 4 months after birth and duration of breastfeeding etc. as the independent variables.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Temperamental dimension, feeding categories in the fist 4 months, and breastfeeding duration.RESULTS: All 737 children were involved in the result analysis. Correlation analysis indicated that temperamental adaptability was positively related with formula milk mainly in the first 4 months after birth (r =0.084, P =0.030);Rhythmicity and distractibility were negatively related with formula milk only (r =-0.087, -0.075, P =0.022, 0.047);Activity level were positively related with breast milk only and negatively with both breast milk and formula milk equally (r =0.084, -0.077, P =0.030, 0.045); Approach and withdrawal was negatively related with breast milk mainly (r =-0.097, P =0.012). Rhythmicity, quality of mood and activity level were negatively related with breastfeeding for 4-6 months (r =-0.082, -0.102, -0.153, P =0.036, 0.009, 0.001); Quality of mood and activity level were positively related with the duration of breastfeeding more than 9 months (r =0.089, 0.088, P =0.024,0.025). After rectifying the family structure, and educational level of parents, the influencing factor of adaptability was formula mainly; intensity of reaction was breastfeeding duration for 4-6 months and breast milk mainly;rhythmicity was breastfeeding duration for 7-9 months and formula only; activity level was both breast milk and formula milk equally and breastfeeding duration for 7-9 months; quality of mood was formula only and duration of breastfeeding for 7-9 months; approach-withdrawal was breast milk mainly and both breast milk and formula milk equally; distractibility was formula milk mainly.CONCLUSION: Temperamental development of children aged 4-5 years old is related to feeding type in the first 4 months after birth and duration of breastfeeding; therefore, it is essential to pay attention to breastfeeding during temperamental cultivation and intervention.

BACKGROUND:Behavioral problems among preschool children affect the quality of life in childhood, and it may predict psychiatric disorders in adulthood.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the correlation of behavioral problem occurrence with gender and breastfeeding in children aged 4-5 years old.DESIGN: A stratified random cluster sampling investigation.SETTING:Department of Child Health Care,Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University,and Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University.PARTICIPANTS:Totally 600 children (301 boys and 299 girls) aged4-5 years old from 10 kindergartens in 4 districts in Qingdao city were chosen by stratified random cluster sampling during May in 2004.They. all used to be full-term infants of natural labor.METHODS:Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) for parents and self-made inventory scale influencing children's behavior were adopted. Behavioral problems were dependent variables whereas feeding category and breastfeeding duration were independent variables. The effects of feeding category in the first 4 months of life and breastfeeding duration on children's behavior were examined by single factor and multiple factors logistic regression (backward selection).MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Breastfeeding condition, breastfeeding duration and behavioral development.RESULTS:According to intention-processing analysis, 600 children 14.2% (85/600) among the 600 children investigated. It was 17.94%(54/301) in males and 10.4% (31/299) in females,with a significant indicated that boys who had been fed on "more infant formula than problem occurrence (OR=2.72,4.29). Breastfeeding duration ≥9months was a protective factor for males (OR=0.43) Girls who feeding duration ＜ 1 month had a risk of behavioral problem ocfeeding duration were set as independent variables and with or without behavioral problems was set as dependent variable to perform multiand breastfeeding duration ≥ 9 months were the risk factors and protective factors of behavioral problem occurrence for males (OR=3.76,ioral problem occurrence for females (OR=2.55,7.79,7.79), which were tective factors of behavioral problem occurrence for males (OR=3.48,behavioral problem occurrence for females ( OR=2.49,9.81,12.89).CONCLUSION:Male is a risk factor of behavioral problems;less breastfeeding and shorter breastfeeding duration are the risk factors of behavioral problem occurrence in children aged 4 to 5 years.

Objective To investigate the association between rs1013940 in SLC5A7 and Tourette Syndrome ( TS) in Chinese Han population.Methods Polymorphism was genotyped in 401 TS nuclear fam-ilies trios from china by real-time fluorescent quantitive PCR.Transmission disequilibrium test ( TDT) and Haplotype relative risk ( HRR ) were used to analyze the association between the genetic distrbution of rs1013940 and TS and the results were verified by haplotype-based haplotype relative risk( HHRR) .Results No transmission disequilibrium was found between rs1013940 in SLC5A7 and TS by TDT and HRR( TDT:χ2=0.268, P=0.657, OR=0.728,95%CI=0.366-1.451;HRR:χ2=0.111, P=0.739, OR=0.959,95%CI=0.762-1.466) .HHRR also indicated the same result ( HHRR:χ2=0.276, P=0.599, OR=1.082,95%CI=0.806-1.453) .Conclusion The result reveals that there is no significant association between rs1013940 in SLC5A7 and TS in Chinese Han population.However,the results need to be further validated in different populations.

Objective To investigate the different responses of diaphragm and peripheral muscles to cisatracurium in rabbits.Methods 8 male New zealand rabbits were anaesthetized with pentobarbital,and then the diaphragm,tibialis anterior,soleus muscles,phrenic nerves,tibial nerve,and peroneal nerve were gently freeded.The muscles were secured to force displacement transducers,and the nerves were directly stimulated by electrodes with supramaximal square waves.The isometric force of twitch tention of each muscle was recorded.The cumulative dose-response technique was separately used for obtaining the ED50and ED95 values of the cisatracurium in each muscle.Results The muscle-relaxing of cisatracurium on the three muscles in were observed in a dose-dependent manner.The ED50 values and ED95 values were: diaphragm(39.3 ± 2.5)μg/kg and(75.7 ± 4.2)μg/kg,tibialis anterior(80.6 ± 7.5)μg/kg and(123.3 ±9.3)μg/kg,soleus(80.0 ± 7.1)μg/kg and(126.9 ± 9.4)μg/kg,respectively.It had significant difference between diaphragm vs tibialis or soleus,P ＜ 0.05.Conclusions The muscle relaxant effects of cisatracurium on diaphragm and peripheral muscles were different,and diaphragm was more sensitive than peripheral muscles.