Vitamin A plays a significant role in maintaining normal metabolism, cell differentiation, reproduction, vision and anti-infection. As a major food source of vitamin A for infants, the level of vitamin A in breast milk is highly important. Recent studies have shown that vitamin A levels in breast milk varied significantly in different stages of lactation, populations, regions and gestational ages at delivery. Moreover, studies demonstrated that it was also affected by many factors, such as maternal serum vitamin A levels and amounts of supplements during pregnancy, maternal vitamin A intake during lactation, maternal diet, high or low risk pregnancy, and vitamin A reservation in maternal liver. It is vital to understand the level of vitamin A in breast milk and its influencing factors to improve breast-feeding.

Objective:To explore the levels of vitamin A(VA) and vitamin D(VD) in blood of children with tic disorder (Tic disorder, TD) and their associations with tic symptoms severity and clinical types, so as to provide evidence for better prevention and treatment of TD.Methods:A total of 245 children with TD from September 2018 to April 2019 in the department of child Health care, affiliated hospital of qingdao university were enrolled as the case group and 63 healthy children who underwent routine physical examination at the same time as the control group. The levels of VA and VD were measured and their relationship with the severity of tic symptoms and clinical types were analyzed.Results:(1)The VD level of the case group was significantly lower than that of the control group ((23.72±8.87) μg/L , (26.61±7.59) μg/L, t=-2.24, P=0.03), and the proportion of insufficiency or even lack (37.31%, 75/201) was higher than the control group (15.79%, 9/57) (χ 2=9.37, P=0.002). (2)According to the Yale global tic severity scale(YGTSS), the children in the case group were divided into mild TD group, and moderate-to-severe TD group. ①There were significant differences in serum VA and VD levels in mild TD group, moderate-to-severe TD group and the control group ( F=29.79, P<0.01; F=10.90, P<0.01). Among them, the content of VA and VD in moderate-to-severe TD group were lower than those in mild TD group and control group (VA: (0.29±0.06)mg/L, (0.35±0.06)mg/L, (0.34±0.06)mg/L; VD: (21.01±8.30)μg/L, (25.84±8.76)μg/L, (26.61±7.59)μg/L). ②VA and VD levels of children with TD were negatively correlated with the severity of symptoms ( r=-0.325; P<0.01; r=-0.228; P=0.001). (3)According to DSM-V classification criteria, TD children were divided into PTD group, CTD group and TS group. ①There was no significant difference in serum VA level among different clinical types of TD children ( F=0.87, P=0.46). ②The levels of serum VD were different among the four groups ( F=4.13, P=0.007). Among them, the VD level in TS group was the lowest, and its content was significantly lower than that in control group ((21.83±7.60)μg/L, (26.61±7.59)μg/L, P<0.05)). The prevalence of insufficient or even lack of serum VD in children with different subtypes of TD was higher than that in the control group (χ 2=10.88, P=0.01). Conclusion:Vitamin D deficiency exists in children with TD. The level of vitamin A and vitamin D in serum of children with TD is related with the severity of tic symptoms.The VD level is related with clinical type of TD.

Objective To investigate the fluctuations in the population density of Aedes albopictus and changes in the population density of Ae. albopictus in different geographical areas and different breeding habitats in Guangdong Province from 2018 to 2023, so as to provide insights into prevention and control of mosquito-borne infectious diseases in the province. Methods Ae. albopictus surveillance sites were assigned in 1 609 townships (streets) from 121 districts (counties) of 21 cities in Guangdong Province during the period between March and November from 2018 to 2023. The surveillance of the population density of Ae. albopictus was performed once a month in each surveillance site, and once a month in specific settings in cities where dengue were highly prevalent in Guangdong Province from December to February of the next year during the period from 2018 through 2023. Four streets (villages) were selected in each surveillance site according to the geographic orientation, and mosquito ovitraps were assigned in gardens, rooftops or public green belts at residential areas, parks, hospitals and construction sites. All mosquito ovitraps were collected, and the mosquito ovitrap index (MOI) was calculated. The population density of Ae. albopictus was classified into four grades in each surveillance site according to MOI, including no risk, low risk, medium risk and high risk. The risk classification of the Ae. albopictus density was analyzed in each surveillance site each year from 2018 to 2023, and the population density of Ae. albopictus was analyzed at different months and in different geographical areas and breeding habitats. Results A total of 118 241 Ae. albopictus surveillance sites were assigned in 21 cities of Guangdong Province from 2018 to 2023, and there were 68.26% of the surveillance sites with the population density of Ae. albopictus that met the requirements for dengue prevention and control, among which low, medium and high risk surveillance sites accounted for 23.61%, 6.67% and 1.47%. The risk classification of the Ae. albopictus density increased rapidly in Guangdong Province since April to May each year from 2018 to 2023, and then gradually reduced since September to October, with the peak during the period between May and July. The mean MOI was 4.21 at each surveillance site in Guangdong Province during the period from 2018 to 2023, with 4.69, 4.80, 4.38, 3.82, 3.38, and 4.33 from 2018 to 2023, respectively. The MOI was 4.35, 4.43, 3.53 and 3.58 in the Pearl River Delta region, and eastern, western, and northern Guangdong Province, respectively, and was 4.18, 5.44, 4.75, 3.24, 4.27 and 3.70 in residential areas, parks, construction sites, hospitals, waste collection stations, and other breeding habitats, respectively. Conclusions The population density of adult Ae. albopictus peaked in Guangdong Province during the period between May and July from 2018 to 2023, with a high density of Ae. albopictus in the Pearl River Delta region and eastern Guangdong Province. Targeted Ae. albopictus control measures are recommended to be implemented prior to the peak of the Ae. albopictus population density to reduce the development of mosquito-borne infectious diseases.