Although endosacular embolization has been widely used for the treatment of intracranial aneurysm,it has some limitations in nature.The Willis covered stent specially designed for intracranial vasculature,which has excellent flexibility and can easily be navigated to the distal internal carotid artery,may avoid endosaccular manipulation and exclude aneurysm from circulation,and finally promote endosacular thrombosis.The efficacy of the covered stent for the treatment of pseudoaneurysm below C5 segment of the ICA has been accepted.For some complex aneurysms located at the other site,such as giant aneurysm,dissection or dissecting aneurysm and recurrent aneurysm after coiling,the Willis covered stent provides an alternative to the established endovascular and neurosurgical technique.When the covered stent is attempted to use in intracranial vasculature,the extremely tortuous parent artery is a contraindication,the ostium of perforating artery,especially the anterior choroidal artery and ophthalmic artery,should be prevented from being occluded.The use of the Willis covered stent has thoroughly changed the traditional concept of endovascular treatment for the intracranial aneurysms.The development of the Willis covered stent represents an important advancement in endovascular aneurysm treatment due to its simple manipulation and favorable efficacy.However,a large sample and expandable long-term follow-up are still needed to systemically evaluate the efficacy of the Willis covered stent.

Although endosacular embolization has been widely used for the treatment of intracranial aneurysm,it has some limitations in nature.The Willis covered stent specially designed for intracranial vasculature,which has excellent flexibility and can easily be navigated to the distal intemal carotid artery,may avoid endosaccular manipulation and exclude aneurysm from circulation,and finally promote endosacular thrombosis.The efficacy of the covered stent for the treatment of pseudoaneurysm below C5 segment of the ICA has been accepted.For some complex aneurysms located at the other site,such as giant aneurysm,dissection or dissecting aneurysm and recurrent aneurysm after coiling,the Willis covered stent provides an alternative to the established endovascular and neurosurgical technique.When the covered stent is attempted to use in intracranial vasculature,the extremely tortuous parent artery is a contraindication,the ostium of perforating artery,especially the anterior choroidal artery and ophthalmic artery,should be prevented from being occluded.The use of the Willis covered stent has thoroughly changed the traditional concept of endovascular treatment for the intracranial aneurysms.The development of the WiIlls covered stent represents an important advancement in endovascular aneurysm treatment due to its simple manipulation and favorable efficacy.However,a large sample and expandable long-term follow-up are still needed to systemically evaluate the efficacy of the Willis covered stent.

Endocannabinoid system has several kinds of receptors, all of which have correspondence ligands and pathways of synthesis and degradation, and they belong to G-protein coupled receptors family. Recently studies show that stimulation of cannabinoid receptors has inhibitory effects on gastrointestinal motility and secretion. In this article, we introduce the compositions of the cannabinoid family members, includingtheir receptors, ligands, and antagonists, and their effects on the gastrointestinal motility and secretion. Useful information can be provided for the further study on the effects of endocannabinoid system on gastrointestinal motility and secretion, providing theoretic evidences for clinical use of cannabinoid.

Persistent primitive trigeminal artery (PPTA) is the most common permanent abnormal vascular anastomosis between carotid artery and basilar artery. PPTA is a rare cerebrovascular variation and is often associated with cerebrovascular disease (CVD). Clinically, PPTA manifests itself in symptoms such as trigeminal neuralgia, oculomotor paralysis, abducens nerve paralysis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, etc. This paper aims to review 116 PPTA cases with CVD and other cerebrosis, which have ever been reported since 1983 in English or Chinese medical literature.

Objective Acute ischemic cerebral stroke is mainly caused by acute thrombi obstructing cerebral arteries, accounting for 50%-60% of acute cerebral vascular diseases, and is the most common cause of mortality and morbidity. The advancements of medical imaging and neuro-interventional technology, intraarterial thrombolysis have become the main therapeutic managements for acute cerebral arterial thrombosis. The authors also reviewed many issues in relation to the technique of intra-arterial thrmbolysis for acute cerebral thrombi.

It is difficult to treat the internal carotid arterial (ICA) wall disease between C2 to C7 segment ( the definition of ICA by E. Bouthillier,1996) with present interventional radiological measurements , includling pseudoaneurysm, giant or wide neck aneurysm and complicated carotid cavernous fistula. Some literatures have reported a few cases treated with coronary covered stent (e.g. Jomed coronary stent, Symbiot coronary stent), with favorable results . However, these kinds of coronary covered stents are too rigid, with uneasinees to pass through in tortuous ICA, and often resulting in injury of vascular wall. The utility of covered stent in intracranial artery also caused controversies of exclusion of origins of arterial branches. We analyzed the functional anatomy of ICA and reviewed our experimental results and primarily clinical application on professional intracranial covered stent with special designed structure and delivery system for ICA, in order to explore the possibility of utility of covered stent in intracranial arteries.

Objective Stroke is one of the leading causes of death.Carotid occlusive diease is responsible for 25% of the ischemic strokes.Surgical carotid endarterectomy has been accepted as the best maragement for the extracranial caroid occlusive disease.However,in recent years,with the development of the endovascular technology,carotid artery stenting becomes more and more popular accompanied by increase of articles in this field correspondingly.The practical difficulty exists in comparison hetween the carotid stenting and endarterectomy through randomized controlled trials.Standardized report including trial design,patient selection,outcomes,statistical disposition thus hecome extremely necessary.This article gives a detailed description concerning about the patient selection,pretreatment evaluation,treatment description,curative effect evaluation and complications of carotid artery stenting.The purpose of this article is to standardize the reports of carotid stenting so that the descriptive and statistical data from different authors and agents can be compared.

Phenotypic conversion process of cells in blood vessels occurred after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), which is similar to “recall” of angiogenesis. This article is an attempt in reviewing the major themes and more recent findings dealing with the phenotypic conversion and cellular source in three layers of arterial wall after PTA in the adult.

Although the technologic development of interventinal neuroradiology is surprisingly fast,there still remain some kinds of intracranial aneurysms which cannot be completely obliterated from blood circulation.The advent of Onyx makes complete occlusion of many kinds of intracranial aneurysms possible including giant and irregular aneurysms.This paper reviews the use of Onyx in treating intracranial aneurysms with the advantages and disadvantages.

Objective:To construct subtractive cDNA library from human hepatocellular carcinoma cells transactivated by C-terminally truncated 40 amino acids using suppression subtractive hybridization(SSH) technique and to clone the associated genes.Methods: Huh-7 cells were separately transfected with pcDNA3(-) harboring the sequence of HBx protein C-terminally truncated 40 amino acids and pcDNA3(-) harboring the full length sequence of HBx protein vectors.The total RNAs were isolated from the transfected Huh-7 cells and were reversely transcripted into double strand cDNAs.After the cDNAs were digested with restriction enzyme RsaⅠ,they were divided into 2 groups and were ligated to the special adaptor 1 and adaptor 2R,respectively.The tester cDNAs were then hybridized with driver cDNAs twice and the products were amplified twice by nested PCR technique.The PCR products were connected with pUCm-T plasmid vectors to establish the subtractive library.Amplification of the library was carried out with E.coli strain JM109.The inserts of cDNAs were sequenced and analyzed in GenBank with Blast search.Results: The subtractive cDNA library was successfully constructed.The amplified library contained 154 positive clones,and colony PCR showed that these clones contained 200-800 bp inserts;some fragments coded proteins involved proto-oncogenes,cell signaling genes,cell growth factor genes,cell apoptosis genes,metabolism and protein synthesis genes.Conclusion: Subtractive cDNA library has been successfully constructed by SSH technique,which may help to clone novel genes transactivated by HBx C-terminally truncated 40 amino acids and to explore the molecular mechanism of hepatoma pathogenesis.