Objective To evaluate the effect of permissive hypercapnia on pulmonary function and in-flammatory responses of the collapsed lung of patients underwent video-assisted pulmonary lobectomy after one-lung ventilation.Methods Fifty patients,aged 38-65 years,ASA Ⅱ or Ⅲ,including 30 males and 20 females,scheduled for video-assisted pulmonary lobectomy were selected and divided into two groups ran-domly,with 25 patients in each group.During the surgery,PaCO2 of patients in group C were maintained during 35 to 45 mm Hg,while in group H the value were 55 to 65 mm Hg.The arterial blood samples were collected at 1 min before one-lung ventilate (T1 ),30 min after one-lung ventilate (T2 )and 30 min after re-flow of the collapsed lung (T3 )for arterial blood gas analysis,then the respiratory index of each patient was evaluated.Peripheral venous blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid draw from left lower lobar of the col-lapsed lung were collected to evaluate the levels of TNF-α,IL-6,and IL-10 at T1 ,T2 and T3 .The peak in-spiratory pressure,plateau pressure and tidal volume were also recorded to calculate lung dynamic compli-ance.Results Compared to group C,peak inspiratory pressure of group H was significantly higher;the IL-10 level of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of the collapsed lung and the pulmonary dynamic compliance of group H were significantly higher at T2 and T3 ,and the concentrations of TNF-α,IL-6 of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,the peak pressure,and respiratory index of group H were lower significantly at the same point of time (P <0.05).Conclusion Permissive hypercapnia would inhibit inflammation response of collapsed lung after one-lung ventilation effectively,improve lung diffusion capacity and pulmonary compliance.

Objective To determine the relationship between end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PET CO 2 )obtained from the distal ends of the tracheal tube and arterial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO 2 ) compared with the sidestream capnometer in infants with congenital heart disease. Methods Twenty infants undergoing congenital heart disease surgery,12 males and 8 females,aged 3-48 months,ASA physical statusⅠ-Ⅲ were enrolled.Measurements of PET CO 2 were obtained from the distal ends of the tracheal tube using a sterile 22 G catheter that was inserted into the tube and from the proximal end with a sidestream capnometer in 20 intubated infants with congenital heart dis-ease.The data including PET CO 2 and the arterial PaCO 2 were obtained both after the anesthesia induc-tion and the CPB.Results The data of PET CO 2 obtained from the distal ends of the tracheal tube after the anesthesia induction [(36.8 ±2.7)mm Hg vs.(32.5 ± 1.4)mm Hg,P <0.05 ]and the CPB [(40.8±2.5)mm Hg vs.(36.5±1.6)mm Hg,P <0.05]were both higher than those from the proximal end with a sidestream capnometer.The difference between PaCO 2 and PET CO 2 obtained from the distal ends of the tracheal tube after the induction [(7.1 ±0.7)mm Hg vs.(1 1.4 ± 1.5 ) mm Hg,P <0.01]and the CPB [(9.3±1.2)mm Hg vs.(13.5±2.3)mm Hg,P <0.01]were sig-nificantly lower than that between PaCO 2 and PET CO 2 obtained from the proximal end.Distal side-stream PET CO 2 correlated with the PaCO 2 (R 2 =0.94 after induction and R 2 =0.93 after the CPB,P<0.05).However,the proximal PET CO 2 with the sidestream capnometer correlated very poorly with PaCO 2 whether after the induction (R 2 = 0.68,P < 0.05 )nor the CPB (R 2 = 0.66,P < 0.05 ). Conclusion We conclude that the PET CO 2 obtained from the distal ends of the tracheal tube provides accurate estimates of the PaCO 2 in critically ill infants with congenital heart disease.

Objective To investigate the changes of serum leptin and bone speed of sound (SOS) with gestational age (GA) and relationship between leptin and bone SOS in appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) neonates. Methods A total of 65 AGA neonates were recruited and divided into three groups according to their gestational age:preterm infant (GA 31-34 w, 14 cases), late preterm infant (GA 34-37 w, 13 cases), and full-term infant (GA≥37 w, 38 cases). Anthropometric parameters, including birth weight, length, leg length, skin fold thickness were measured in all the subjects, and the neonatal nutritional status and body fat content were evaluated by Ponderal Index (PI) and Weststrate equation (F%) respectively. Serum leptin concentration and tibial SOS were measured within 7 days after birth. Results There were signiifcant differences in GA (F=140.199, P<0.001), birth weight (F=47.042, P<0.001), birth length (F=46.877, P<0.001), leg length (F=17.543, P<0.001), PI (F=11.898, P<0.001) and F%( F=21.955, P<0.001) among three groups. Serum leptin and tibial SOS were signiifcantly different among these groups ( F=49.724, 20.052 respectively, P<0.001), and both of them were positively correlated with gestational age and birth weight (P<0.01). In addition, leptin was positively correlated with tibial SOS, but the correlation disappeared after adjustment for GA and anthropometry. According to the multivariate forward stepwise regression analysis, tibial SOS was found to be signiifcantly positively associated with gestational age and birth weight in the three groups. Conclusions Both bone SOS and serum leptin are signiifcantly correlated with gestational age and birth weight in AGA neonates, and leptin is related with but not the independent direct predictor of bone SOS.

Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on acupoints located along anterior and posterior thigh muscles plus isokinetic muscle strength training for poststroke lower limb dysfunction. Methods Fifty-two qualified mild hemiplegia cases were randomized into control group A ( N=17) , control group B (N=17), and observation group (N=18 ). Control group A was given conventional rehabilitation training, control group B was given conventional rehabilitation training and task-targeting knee strength-coordination isokinetic muscle strength training based on visual feedback, and observation group was given EA on acupoints located along anterior and posterior thigh muscles plus the treatment for control group B. The treatment for the three groups was performed once a day, five days a week, lasting 3 weeks. Before and after treatment, the lower limb motor function, peak torque ( PT) of knee flexion and extension muscles, and gait speed and gait symmetry were monitored. Results After treatment for 3 weeks, the lower limb motor function, PT and gait symmetry were much improved in the three groups (P<0.05 compared with those before treatment) . Except that the gait speed and lower limb muscle tension of observation group did not differ from those of control group B ( P>0.05) , the improvement of observation indexes of control group B was superior to that of control group A, and the improvement of observation indexes of observation group was more obvious than that of the two control groups ( P<0.05) . Conclusion EA on acupoints located along anterior and posterior thigh muscles plus isokinetic muscle strength training is more effective for improving lower limb motor function of poststroke lower limb dysfunction patients than conventional isokinetic training.

Objective To evaluate the operative technique, perioperative management and outcomes of bilateral lung transplantation for idiopathic pulmonary artery hypertension. Methods There were 2 cases of idiopathic pulmonary hypertension subject to bilateral sequential lung transplantation with ECMO support (16, 17 years old, respectively). The pulmonary artery pressure was 10/70 and 148/72 mm Hg respectively. The heart function was NYHA Ⅳ, the operative procedure was right lung first, then left lung, and the cold ischemia time was 230 min/430 min and 185 min/300 min respectively. The ECMO support time was 550 min and 450 min respectively. The blood loss during the operation was 3000 and 1200 ml, respectively. Resuits The ECMO was withdrawn 16 and 13 h postoperation respectively. There was unstable hemadynamics and acute left heart failure on the 3rd and 4th day after the operation. The patients were treated with ventilate support and tracheotomy on 3rd and 6th day respectively. Additionally, the patients were given cardiotonic, dieresis and the ventilation was withdrawn on 33rd and 12th day after the operation respectively. They were discharged from the hospital on 93rd and 32nd day after the operation. The heart function both reached NYHA I, two cases were followed up for 25 and 10 months respectively.Both of them had an excellent quality life. Conclusion Bilateral lung transplantation is effective for end-stage idiopathic pulmonary artery hypertension even with slight right ventricular dysfunction with satisfactory short-term outcome. A limited operative time, an ECMO support for heart and lung during the peri-operative period and a perfect management for the left ventricular dysfunction after surgery are key roles for the success. Closed follow-up and surveillance are needed for long-term outcomes.

Objective To evaluate the role of astrocyte chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) in microglial activation in an in vitro experiment.Methods Primary astrocytes and microglias were isolated from the brain tissues of C57BL/6J mice at postnatal day 1-2.The experiment was performed in two parts.Experiment Ⅰ Astrocytes were inoculated in 6-well culture plates at a density of 3 × 104 cells/well (2 ml/well) and divided into 5 groups (n=3 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-cα) group,1 μg/ml CCL2 small interference RNA (siRNA) group (group CCL2-siRNA1),2 μg/ml CCL2-siRNA (group CCL2-siRNA2) and negative control siRNA group (group NC-siRNA).Astrocytes were cultured routiuely in group C,and 10 ng/ml TNF-α was added and astrocytes were incubated for 15 min followed by washout with phosphate buffer solution (PBS),and then astrocytes were incubated for 3 h in the other 4 groups.At 24 h before TNF-α was added,CCL2-siR-NA 1 and 2 μg/ml were added in CCL2-siRNA1 and CCL2-siRNA2 groups,respectively,and NC-siRNA 2 μg/ml was added in group NC-siRNA.The concentrations of CCL2 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Experiment Ⅱ Microglias were inoculated in 6-well culture plates at a density of 3×104 cells/well (2 ml/well) and divided into 3 groups (n=3 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),TNF-α group and CCL2-siRNA group.Microglias were cultured routinely in group C.In group TNF-α,10 ng/ml TNF-α was added to astrocytes which were incubated for 15 min followed by washout with PBS,astrocytes were then incubated for 3 h,and the supernatant was collected and added to microglias which were incubated for 24 h.In group CCL2-siRNA,2 μg/ml CCL2-siRNA was added to astrocytes which were incubated for 24 h,10 ng/ml TNF-α was also added to astrocytes which were incubated for 15 min followed by washout with PBS,astrocytes were then incubated for 3 h,and the supernatant was collected and added to microglias which were incubated for 24 h.The activity of microglias was measured by immunofluorescence,and the migration of microglias was evaluated by Transwell migration assay.Results Experiment Ⅰ The concentrations of CCL2 were significantly higher in TNF-α,CCL2-siRNA1,CCL2-siRNA2 and NC-siRNA groups than in group C (P＜0.05).The concentrations of CCL2 were significantly lower in CCL2-siRNA1 and CCL2-siRNA2 groups than in TNF-α and NC-siRNA groups (P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in CCL2 concentrations between group TNF-α and group NC-siRNA (P＞0.05).Experiment 1Ⅱ Compared with group C,the activity of microglias was significantly increased,and the migration of microglias was enhanced in TNF-α and CCL2-siRNA groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group TNF-α,the activity of microglias was significantly decreased,and the migration of microglias was weakened in group CCL2-siRNA (P＜0.05).Conclusion Astrocyte CCL2 is involved in mieroglial activation in an in vitro experiment.

Objective: To investigate the expression of gluconeogenic enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and G-6-Pase mRNA of hepatic tissue in rats with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and to explore the molecular mechanism of insulin resistance in IUGR rats. Methods: Pregnant rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: a normal group and a model group. hTe normal group were fed with 21% protein forage and the model group with 10% low protein forage to obtain IUGR pup rats. hTe pup rats were introduced to the normal group and the IUGR group prospectively. At 1, 3 and 8 weeks, the body weight, blood glucose, insulin concentration andinsulin resistance index of the pup rats were measured. Expression of PEPCK and G-6-Pase mRNA were detected by RT-PCR. Results: The birth weight of the IUGR group was significantly lower than that of the normal group (P<0.001). The weight of the IUGR group was still lower than that of the normal group at 1, 3 and 8 weeks. There was no significant difference in the blood glucose, insulin level and insulin resistance index between the 2 groups (P>0.05). The hepatic expression of PEPCK and G-6-Pase mRNA in the IUGR group was significantly higher than that of the normal group at 1, 3 and 8 weeks (P<0.01). Conclusion: The significantly increased expression of PEPCK and G-6-Pase mRNA of hepatic tissue in IUGR rats may increase gluconeogenesis, which is probably one of the molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance and diabetes in IUGR.

Objective To discuss the benefits of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) applied in the patients with primary or secondary pulmonary hypertension during the operation of lung transplantation. Methods Thirty cases of end stage lung disease subject to primary or secondary pulmonary hypertension received lung transplantation supported with ECMO between Nov. 2005 and July 2009. The single lung transplantation was performed on 18 cases and bilateral sequential single lung transplantation on 12 cases. ECMO was used in 2 patients as a bridge to the lung transplantation to maintain 19 and 6 days respectively, and ECMO support was given during lung transplantation. ECMO was removed after the transplantation if the oxygenation and hemodynamics were stable, otherwise, ECMO was applied continuously until the situation improved. Results All the operations of these patients were accomplished successfully and the ECMO was removed in 27 patients after the operation immediately. The average time with ECMO was 6. 81 + 0. 95 h, and pulmonary artery systolic pressure after lung transplantation was 31.67 + 8. 42 mmHg. The ECMO was continuously used after lung transplantation in three patients until the hemodynamics was stable, and ECMO in 2 of them was removed at 36th h and 6th day respectively after the operation, and one,receiving postoperative ECMO for 5 days, died of acute renal failure 2 weeks after the operation.Conclusion ECMO can replace CPB safely and effectively in lung transplantations for primary or secondary pulmonary hypertension patients. As a respiratory and circulatory support it can control pulmonary hypertension during operative period and can decrease the complications of lung transplantation.

Objective To observe the therapeutic effects of lung transplantation for diffuse pulmonary disease. Methods From September 2002 to April 2009, lung transplantation was performed on 72 cases in our hospital. Thirty-seven cases of these recipients were suffered from diffuse pulmonary disease, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (30/37), pneumosilicosis (4/37), vascular leiomyoma (2/37) ,diffuse panbronchiolitis (1/37),30 males and 7 females with age ranging from 22 to 73 years old (mean 52.9 ± 13.2). All the patients received pulmonary function test and echocardiography (ECHO) to test the pulmonary artery systolic pressure before transplantation and artery blood gas to calculate the oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2 ). Results The systolic pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa,syst) was monitored by Swan-Gans catheterization one week post-transplant, and decreased significantly from 54. 30 ± 17. 41 to 41.52 ± 9. 36 mm Hg (P＜0. 05). Simultaneously, oxygenation index was improved from 185. 89 ± 77. 25 to 392. 12 ± 98. 23 (P＜0. 05). The pulmonary function was also improved significanzly one month post-operation. The volume in the first second was improved from (1.33 ± 0. 64) to (1.81 ± 0. 57) L, and the diffusion capacity of carbonmonoxide was increased from (2. 87 ± 1.26) to (4. 22 ± 2. 05) L. Conclusion Lung transplantation is feasible and efficient to deal with diffuse pulmonary disease.

Objective To study the promotive effect of neovascularization on rats with cerebral infarction by nasal administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.Methods A blinded,vehicle-controlled study of ING-CSF and IHG-CSF administration was performed by intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model.All Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham-operation group,model group,INNS group,IHGCSF group and ING-CSF group.The neurologic behavioral tests were assessed after reperfusion 72 h.Mter 72 h of MCAO,the brains of rats were stainned with TTC and the infarcted volume was calculated by computer image analysis.The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the brain was determined by immune-histochemistry.The density of angiogenesis in the brain was counted under fluorescence microscope.Results The score of neurological function of ING-CSF group(3.90± 1.65)was improved significantly compared with the IHG-CSF group (10.55±2.19) at the point of 72 h after cerebral infarction (P＜0.01).The cerebral infarct volume of ING-CSF group((20.01±3.29) ％) was reduced evidently compared with the IHG-CSF group((33.48±4.49) ％) at 72 h (P＜ 0.01);while the cerebral infarct volume of INNS group ((60.20±7.72) ％)was not markedly different compared with the model group((61.49±6.41)％) at 72 h (P＞0.05).The expression of VEGF in the brains of ING-CSF group was significantly higher than other groups at 72 h.Conclusion Intranasal administration G-CSF can improve neurological function and vascular angiogenesis in rats following MCAO.