Objective To study the phonetic characteristics of patients with abnormal plosive consonant of functional articulation disorders (FAD) and the possible treatment approaches.Methods A total of patients of 4~26 years old with abnormal plosive consonant of FAD received speech assessment and the phonetic characteristics.Incorrect articulation patterns and forms of plosive consonant /b/,/p/,/d/,/t/,/g/ and /k/ were analysed.The targeted speech treatment was established to correct the erroneous places and types of pronunciation.Results The error rate of /t/ (82/87)was the highest,followed by /k/(77/87),/d/(67/87),/g/(60/87),/p/(59/87) and /b/(3/87) which was the lowest.The error rate of fricative was 65.52% as the highest among all the erroneous patterns,followed by unaspiration(63.22%),forward movement of the tongue(54.02%),distortion(33.33%),bilabial(32.18%),and backward movement of the tongue(18.39%).Seventy-one cases were completely cured,and 16 cases partially cured after 2 to 10 times of treatment.The number of incorrect words of plosives decreased to 4.03±2.71 after the speech therapy from 67.97±18.56 prior to that.The differences were statistically significant (t =34.301,P<0.001).Conclusion The articulation errors of plosives occur mainly on /t/,/k/,/d/,/g/and /p/,/b/.The incorrect types of pronunciation are fricatives,unaspiration,distortion and omission.The incorrect places of articulation are forward movement of the tongue,bilabial and backward movement of the tongue.The targeted speech therapy established according to the erroneous places and types of articulation is significantly effective.

Objective To discuss the application values of image reconstructive technique in 16-slice helical CT scanning. Methods 32 cervical spinal cord lesion images which have processed in MPR, MIP and VR were reviewed to discover the best image reconstructive form. Results By grading, reconstruction score of MPR, MIP and VR was 4.75, 1.75 and 4.5, MPR and VR in top. Conclusion 16-slice CT scanning with MPR and VR image reconstructive of cervical spinal cord can be satisfied the clinical demands.

Objective To study the phonological characteristics and rehabilitation methods of abnormal velar consonants in operated patients with cleft palate.Methods A total of 110 patients (60 males and 50 females, aged 4 to 27 years with the mean age as 9.01±4.12) with abnormal velar consonants after cleft palate treatment over one month were involved in this study.According to the severity of articulation disorders, the patients were divided into mild, moderate and severe groups who received 1 to 5 weeks of targeted rehabilitation training.The phonological characteristics of abnormal velar consonants and the correction between velar consonant misarticulation and age/gender were analyzed.Results The error rate of /g/ was 96.36%(106/110) which was the highest, then /k/ and /h/ was 74.55%(82/110) and 19.09%(21/110), respectively.Both /g/(80.19%, 85/106) and /h/(76.19%, 16/21) mainly showed omission while /k/ was mainly substituted by /h/(54.88%, 45/82) and /t/(29.27%, 24/82).95 cases were cured and 12 cases improved after specific rehabilitation.The overall cure rate was 86.36%.The cure rates for the mild, moderate and severe groups were 96.00%(24/25), 90.91%(30/33), and 78.85%(41/52),respectively.Males accounted for 51.76%(44/85) and females for 48.24%(41/85) among omission cases;males accounted for 51.47%(35/68) and females for 48.53%(33/68) among substitution cases.There was no significant correction among the number of incorrect words and age(r=-0.140, P>0.05) as well as gender(r=0.090, P>0.1).Conclusion Abnormal velar consonants in operated patients with cleft palate mainly had problems with /g/ and /k/./g/ showed mainly omission errors and /k/ mainly substitution.The targeted rehabilitation methods established in the study are significantly beneficial.

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics of consonant errors in adults with functional ar-ticulation disorders (FAD) .Methods Speech evaluations were carried out on 42 adult subjects with FAD .Then the articulation patterns and types of erroneous consonants were classified and analyzed .Results The main erroneous articulation patterns of the adults were substitution ,distortion ,followed by omission .The abnormal consonants which were classified according to the place of articulation were found as follows :blade-palatal(39 cases) ,supra-dental(31 cases) ,lingua-palatal(22 cases) ,velar(19 cases) ,blade-alveolar(18 cases) ,labiodental(6 cases) and bi-labial consonant(6 cases) .Erroneous consonants which were sorted according to the error frequency by descending order lied in/sh/,/zh/,/ch/,/r/,/z/,/c/,/s/,/q/,/x/,/j/,/g/,/k/,/h/,/t/,/l/,/d/,/f/ and /p/.The error types were fronting of tongue(22 cases) ,unaspiration(12 cases) ,lateralization(12 cases) ,omission(9 cases) ,back-ing of tongue (8 cases) ,replacement by lingua-palatal(4 cases) ,bilabial(4 cases) and labiodental consonant(3 ca-ses) .Conclusion The main erroneous articulation patterns of adults with FAD are substitution and distortion .The erroneous consonants are blade -palatal ,supradental ,lingua-palatal ,velar and blade-alveolar .The error types are fronting of tongue ,unaspiration ,lateralization and omission .

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics of adults with functional articulation disorders (FADs) and suitable speech training methods.Methods Phonological evaluation was carried out for 37 adults with functional articulation disorders whose clinical characteristics were analyzed,then targeted speech training was established.Results The main erroneous articulation patterns of the adults were substitution,followed by distortion and omission.The erroneous articulation types included forward movement of the tongue (19 cases),insufficient aspiration (11 cases),lateralization (10 cases),backward movement of the tongue (7 cases),omission of consonants (7 cases),conprehensive errors (4 cases),and replacement by labiodental and lingua-palatal phonemes (3 and 2 cases respectively).Twenty-eight adults were cured,8 adults were improved,and 1 adult showed unsatisfactory effects after 1 to 5 courses of speech training.The average speech intelligibility score increased significantly from (56.03±14.71)％ before speech training to (91.22±10.10)％ afterward.Conclusion The main erroneous patterns of adults with functional articulation disorders are substitution and distortion.Targeted speech training was shown to be significantly effective.

Objective To investigate phonological characteristics and rehabilitation training approaches of bilabial consonant articula-tion disorders in patients after repaired cleft palate. Methods From January, 2012 to January, 2016, 51 patients with velopharyngeal incom-petence (VPI) and 57 patients with velopharyngeal competence (VPC) after cleft palate repaire were enrolled. Their phonological character-istics of bilabial consonants articulation disorders were analyzed. They accepted specific rehabilitation training. The correlation between bila-bial consonants articulation disorders and age was analyzed. Results/b/ showed mainly weak pressure in both VPI and VPC patients,/p/showed mainly weak pressure in VPI patients,/p/was mainly substituted by/b/in VPC patients. 46 cases were cured and 2 cases improved in VPI patients after 1-6 weeks of rehabilitation, and the overall cure rate was 90.20%(46/51), and was respectively 100%(13/13), 93.74%(15/16), 77.27%(17/22) in those with mild, moderate and severe disorder. 53 cases were cured and 4 cases improved in VPC patients after 1-5 weeks of rehabilitation, the overall cure rate was 92.98%(53/57), and was respectively 100%(17/17), 90.48%(19/21), 89.47%(17/19) in those with mild, moderate and severe disorder. The number of incorrect words negatively correlated with age in VPC patient (r=-1.000, P<0.001). Conclusion Bilabial consonant articulation disorders occurs mainly on/b/and/p/in patients repaired cleft palate,/b/shows main-ly weak pressure,/p/shows mainly weak pressure and substitution. Specific speech rehabilitation training is significantly effective.

To observe the effects of early intervention with effective components from a Chinese herbal formula (Huannao Yicong formula, HNYCF) on behavior and related indicators of cholinergic system in β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice.

Objective To investigate epidemiologically the prevalence of obesity and overweight in Mongolian and Han residents aged over 55 years old in pastoral area of Inner Mongolia,China.Method From 2008 to 2009,with diagnostic criteria of overweight and obesity adopted by Chinese and World Health Organization (WHO),an epidemiological investigation was carried out in 9 146 subjects.Result The incidences of obesity and overweight in Mongolian and Han residents were 32.43％ (32.25％ by WHO criteria),19.09％ (9.91％),and 33.60％ (29.85％),15.19％ (7.66％),respectively.The prevalence of obesity in Mongolian residents was higher than that in Han residents (x2 =16.272,P＜0.01).The status of obesity in Mongolian and Han female residents was more marked than that in male residents (P ＜ 0.05).Overweight between male and female of Han population was different(x2 =5.541,P =0.019).The prevalence of obesity between Mongolian and Han was statistically different (x2 =16.272,P＜0.01).Waist circumference,waist/height ratio,and body mass index between Mongolian and Han were also different (all P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Differences in prevalence of overweight and obesity were found between Mongolian and Han ethnics among residents aged over 55 in pastoral area of Inner Mongolia,China.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; therapeutic use ; Castleman Disease ; immunology ; pathology ; Cyclophosphamide ; therapeutic use ; Diagnostic Errors ; Doxorubicin ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; blood ; Kidney ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymph Nodes ; pathology ; surgery ; Lymphatic Diseases ; drug therapy ; immunology ; pathology ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nephrectomy ; Pancreas ; Plasma Cells ; immunology ; pathology ; Prednisone ; therapeutic use ; Submandibular Gland ; Vincristine ; therapeutic use

Objective To explore the phonological characteristics of lateral misarticulation in children with functional articulation disor-ders and the rehabilitation approaches for them. Methods From June, 2013 to December, 2014, 44 children with lateral misarticulation were assessed and the phonological characteristics of lateral misarticulation were analyzed. They accepted targeted rehabilitation training. The cor-relation was analyzed between lateral misarticulation and age as well as severity of disorder. Results The frequency of lateral misarticulation was the most in Blade-palatals (75.00%), and then the dentals (65.91%), lingua-palatals (56.82%) and blade-alveolar consonant (20.45%). Thirty-eight cases were cured and 4 cases improved after 1 to 5 courses of rehabilitation. The overall cure rate was 86.36%(38/44), and it was 100%(11/11), 86.67%(13/15), 77.78%(14/18) in those with mild, moderate and severe disorder, respectively. There was no significant correlation between lateral misarticulation and age (r=0.100, P=0.752) as well as severity (r=0.257, P=0.092). Conclusion Lateral misarticu-lation in children with functional articulation disorders mainly occurs on blade-palatals, dentals and lingua-palatals. The targeted speech re-habilitation training is beneficial.