Ischemia.reperfusion injury of the liver consists of two distinct phases.The early phase occurs within 2 to 4 hours after reperfusion,which may be mainly induced by the increased production of oxygen radical species.The late phase results from inflammatory responses at 6 hours or more after reperfusion,leading to the progression of liver damage.The mechanism of IRIof the liver is a complex and muhifactorial process.The review outlines the current progress in the understanding of hepatic IRI from microcirculation,cellular,andmolecular levels,respectively.

Abstract According to the Healthy China Action Plan, Wuhan gives full play to the role of preventing and controlling student myopia by promoting student health. The primary focus is placed on education in schools, and Wuhan has integrated educational resources to develop a multi-level myopia prevention and control system and service network for school students. The network contains educational adminstrative, schools, families, and professional technical service organizations. By integrating multiple disciplines, Wuhan has built a comprehensive vision health management service system for all students. The Internet and cloud intelligent monitoring facilitated the establishment of a smart vision health management platform for students, which thoroughly and efficiently implemented myopia prevention and control to safeguard students visual health by engaging in education, monitoring, and supervision. The prevention and control of student myopia is a breakthrough for comprehensive healthy development of students. A comparison of the standard myopia rate in Wuhan in 2019 and 2018 revealed that the standard myopia rate at different learning stages of primary school, junior high school, and high school dropped by 3.31, 2.50, and 2.26 percentage points, respectively, and the rate of myopia in primary school was significantly lower than the national level. Post-epidemic surveys showed that the compliance rate and the awareness rate of the visual environment and visual behaviors of primary and secondary school students in Wuhan reached more than 80%, and prevalence of newly onset myopia or decreased vision was 30%, which was lower than the national average. The "Wuhan Model" provides an important referential framework for public health services for school students.

BACKGROUNDLowering intraocular pressure (IOP) is currently the only therapeutic approach in primary open-angle glaucoma. and the fixed-combination medications are needed to achieve sufficiently low target IOP. A multicenter prospective study in the Chinese population was needed to confirm the safety and efficacy of Bimatoprost/Timolol Fixed Combination Eye Drop in China. In this study, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of Bimatoprost/Timolol Fixed Combination with concurrent administration of its components in Chinese patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.

METHODSIn this multicenter, randomized, double-masked, parallel controlled study, patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension who were insufficiently responsive to monotherapy with either topical β-blockers or prostaglandin analogues were randomized to one of two active treatment groups in a 1:1 ratio at 11 Chinese ophthalmic departments. Bimatoprost/timolol fixed combination treatment was a fixed combination of 0.03% bimatoprost and 0.5% timolol (followed by vehicle for masking) once daily at 19:00 P.M. and concurrent treatment was 0.03% bimatoprost followed by 0.5% timolol once daily at 19:00 P.M. The primary efficacy variable was change from baseline in mean diurnal intraocular pressure (IOP) at week 4 visit in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population. Primary analysis evaluated the non-inferiority of bimatoprost/ timolol fixed combination to concurrent with respect to the primary variable using a confidence interval (CI) approach. Bimatoprost/timolol fixed combination was to be considered non-inferior to concurrent if the upper limit of the 95% CI for the between-treatment (bimatoprost/timolol fixed combination minus concurrent) difference was ≤ 1.5 mmHg. Adverse events were collected and slit-lamp examinations were performed to assess safety. Between-group comparisons of the incidence of adverse events were performed using the Pearson chi-square test or Fisher's exact test.

RESULTSOf the enrolled 235 patients, 121 patients were randomized to receive bimatoprost/timolol fixed combination and, 114 patients were randomized to receive concurrent treatment. At baseline the mean value of mean diurnal IOP was (25.20 ± 3.06) mmHg in the bimatoprost/timolol fixed combination group and (24.87 ± 3.88) mmHg in the concurrent group. The difference between the treatment groups was not statistically significant. The mean change from baseline in mean diurnal IOP (± standard deviation) in the bimatoprost/timolol fixed combination group was (-9.38 ± 4.66) mmHg and it was (-8.93 ± 4.25) mmHg in the concurrent group (P < 0.01). The difference between the two treatment groups (bimatoprost/timolol fixed combination minus concurrent) in the change from baseline of mean diurnal IOP was -0.556 mmHg (95% CI: -1.68, 0.57, P = 0.330). The upper limit of the 95% CI was less than 1.5 mmHg, the predefined margin of non-inferiority. Adverse events occurred in 26.4% (32/121) of the bimatoprost/timolol fixed combination patients and 30.7% (35/114) of the concurrent patients. The most frequent adverse event was conjunctival hyperemia, which was reported as treatment related in 16.5% (20/121) in the bimatoprost/timolol fixed combination group and 18.4% (21/114) in the concurrent group (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSBimatoprost/Timolol Fixed Combination administered in Chinese patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension was not inferior to concurrent dosing with the individual components. Safety profiles were similar between the treatment groups.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Amides ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Bimatoprost ; Cloprostenol ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; analogs & derivatives ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Ocular Hypertension ; drug therapy ; Timolol ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Young Adult

BACKGROUNDDry eye is a multifactorial disease of the tears and the ocular surface. This study aimed to investigate the clinical efficacy of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, pranoprofen, in the treatment of dry eye.

METHODSIt is a prospective, multi-center, randomized, controlled, parallel group study. One hundred and fifteen patients with mild to moderate dry eye disease (55-60 in each treatment group) participated in this multi-center study. Patients were randomly administered with eyedrops containing 0.1% pranoprofen (PRA) plus 0.1% sodium hyaluronate (SH) or SH only, three times daily for 28 days, followed by a 1-week after treatment observation. Dry eye symptom score (DESS), fluorescein corneal staining (FLCS), tear break-up time (TBUT), and Shirmer 1 tear test (ST1, without anesthesia) were evaluated or conducted before treatment and at each study visit. Conjunctival impression cytology was taken from the patients treated with PRA plus SH before and after treatment and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to detect the changes of human leukocyte antigen DR (HLA-DR) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1).

RESULTSPatients treated with PRA plus SH showed gradual improvements of DESS, FLCS, and TBUT. Between-group comparisons of FLCS and TBUT have statistically significant differences from day 14. Good tolerance with no severe adverse events was found in both groups. Patients treated with PRA plus SH had a reduced expression level of HLA-DR and were statistically different after 28 days of therapy.

CONCLUSIONSThe application of PRA at a dose of 0.1% was well tolerated and benefited to the patients with mild to moderate dry eye disease. The underlying mechanism of its efficacy may be associated with the reduction of inflammatory factors of conjunctival epithelial cells.

Adult ; Benzopyrans ; therapeutic use ; Dry Eye Syndromes ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; therapeutic use ; Propionates ; therapeutic use