With the active encouragement of the Chinese government, all domestic clinical research institutes pay more attention to the human research protect program (HRPP) during the process of clinical trials, and actively follow the regulations of medical ethical practice. We could make fully preparation for the accreditation by the correlated international organizations only by further analyzing the Association for Accreditation of Human Research Protection Program (AAHRPP) from a whole and in each accreditation field at different levels, thus having a clear understanding the difference in acknowledging the difference between China's hospitals and America's hospitals.
Accreditation ; China ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; Public Policy ; United States

Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Cell Division ; drug effects ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; pathology ; Humans ; Selenomethionine ; pharmacology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured

OBJECTIVETo study the incidence of injuries among residents living in the communities in Zhejiang.

METHODSA household questionnaire survey was conducted to 16 899 residents in four communities.

RESULTSThe incidence of injuries was 16.11% in total, higher in urban area than in rural area and higher in men than in women. The leading causes of injuries were falls (4.80%), knife-cutting or by sharp articles (3.86%), traffic accident (2.07%), collision (1.99%), scalds (1.13%) and animal bites (1.06%). Peak incidence of age group was different in different injuries, such as traffic accident was high in 45 - 60 age group and falls was high in 5 and 60 age group. Direct economic loss for each case with injury would cost 324.21 RMB yuan.

CONCLUSIONInjury was common and frequently occurred among residents at the community level which seriously on danger their health and families.

Accidental Falls ; statistics & numerical data ; Accidents, Traffic ; statistics & numerical data ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Bites and Stings ; epidemiology ; Burns ; epidemiology ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Community Health Services ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Wounds and Injuries ; epidemiology ; mortality

Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is one of the most effective formulation approaches to enhance the water solubility and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, maintenance of physical stability of amorphous drug is one of the main challenges in the development of ASD. Crystallization is a process of nucleation and crystal growth. The nucleation is the key factor that influences the physical stability of the ASD. However, a theoretical framework to describe the way to inhibit the nucleation of amorphous drug is not yet available. We reviewed the methods and theories of nucleation for amorphous drug. Meanwhile, we also summarized the research progress on the mechanism of additives influence on nucleation and environmental factors on nucleation. This review aims to enhance the better understanding mechanism of nucleation of amorphous drug and controlling over the crystal nucleation during the ASD formulation development.

Virus isolate G6 was obtained from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis showing yellow and leaf curl symptoms in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province. The complete nucleotide sequence of DNA-A was determined to be 2 737 nucleotides encoding six potential ORFs. Comparison showed that G6 DNA-A had more than 89% sequence identify with all isolates of Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMV) and shared the highest sequence identify (96.1%) with CLCuMV isolate 62. G6 DNA-A had 87.1%-89.8% sequence identity with those of CLCuRV isolates, while less than 87% identities with other begomoviruses. Phylogenetic analysis of G6 DNA-A and selected begomoviruses showed that G6 was most closely related to CLCuMV isolates, and they clustered together as a separate branch. Satellite DNA molecule (G6 DNAbeta) was found to be associated with G6 using the primers beta01 and beta02. G6 DNAbeta contains 1346 nucleotides, with a potential functional ORF (C1) in complementary sense DNA. Pairwise comparison indicated that G6 DNAbeta had the highest sequence identities with CLCuMV DNAbeta (92.1%) and CLCuRV DNAbeta (88.7%), but less than 80% sequence identities with other reported satellite DNA molecules. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that G6 DNAbeta was most closely related to CLCuMV DNAbeta and the two DNAbetas clustered together as a separate branch, and formed the main branch with DNAbeta of CLCuRV and MYVV-Y47. It is concluded that G6 infecting Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is an isolate of CLCuMV.
Base Sequence ; DNA, Satellite ; chemistry ; DNA, Viral ; chemistry ; Geminiviridae ; classification ; genetics ; Gossypium ; virology ; Hibiscus ; virology ; Phylogeny

Acupuncture and moxibustion have obvious therapeutic effect on spastic paralysis of apoplexy, but there is no common standard for evaluation of therapeutic effects. Available standards for assessment of therapeutic effect of acupuncture and moxibustion on spastic paralysis of apoplexy are not complete. Acupuncture and moxibustion improve clinical symptoms of the patient of spastic paralysis of apoplexy to a considerable degree, a evaluation system for results of clinical symptoms of the patient can be set up, so as to perfect the criteria for evaluation of therapeutic effects of acupuncture and moxibustion on this disease.
Acupuncture ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Humans ; Moxibustion ; Muscle Spasticity ; Stroke

BACKGROUNDWallerian degeneration is a self-destructive process of axonal degeneration that occurs after an axonal injury or during neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease. Recent studies have found that the activity of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) synthase enzyme, nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 (NMNAT1) can affect the rate of Wallerian degeneration in mice and drosophila. NMNAT1 protects neurons and axons from degeneration. However, the role of NMNAT1 in neurons of central nervous system is still not well understood.

METHODSWe set up the culture of primary mouse neurons in vitro and manipulated the expression level of NMNAT1 by RNA interference and gene overexpression methods. Using electroporation transfection we can up-regulate or down-regulate NMNAT1 in cultured mouse dendrites and axons and study the neuronal morphogenesis by immunocytochemistry. In all functional assays, FK-866 (CAS 658084-64-1), a highly specific non-competitive inhibitor of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase was used as a pharmacological and positive control.

RESULTSOur results showed that knocking down NMNAT1 by RNA interference led to a marked decrease in dendrite outgrowth and branching and a significant decrease in axon growth and branching in developing cortical neurons in vitro.

CONCLUSIONSThese findings reveal a novel role for NMNAT1 in the morphogenesis of developing cortical neurons, which indicate that the loss of function of NMNAT1 may contribute to different neurodegenerative disorders in central nervous system.

Animals ; Axons ; metabolism ; Blotting, Western ; Cells, Cultured ; Dendrites ; metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mice ; Morphogenesis ; genetics ; physiology ; Neurons ; cytology ; metabolism ; Nicotinamide-Nucleotide Adenylyltransferase ; genetics ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo study the oncogene transcriptor c-myc, stimulatory protein 1 (SP1) expression in ameloblastoma (AB) and their relation with telomerase reverse transcripase (hTERT), and to investigate the clinical biological characteristics of AB.

METHODSThe expression was observed in AB by in situ hybridization and SP method.

RESULTSThe positive rates of c-myc mRNA, hTERT mRNA and SP1 protein were 81.5% (44/54), 94.4% (51/54) and 83.3% (45/54), respectively. Their positive rates increased as AB recurred and transformed malignantly. A strong correlation was found between hTERT and c-myc, hTERT and SP1 (rs = 0.853, P < 0.001; rs = 0.900, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONActivity of telomerase plays an important role in the tumorigenesis development of AB. Increasing of hTERT expression may be related to c-myc and SP1. The expression of these three parameters has a significant correlation with the clinical biological characteristics of AB.

Ameloblastoma ; metabolism ; Humans ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc ; metabolism ; Sp1 Transcription Factor ; metabolism ; Telomerase ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the expression of pRb and E2F-1, and the association between their expression and the activity of telomerase (hTERT) or cyclin E in human ameloblastoma (AB), and to explore the clinical biological characteristics of AB.

METHODSThe expressions of pRb, E2F-1, cyclin E and hTERT mRNA in human AB were detected by in situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry (SP method).

RESULTSThe positive expression ratio of pRb in the cell nucleus of AB was 20.4% (11/54). The positive ratio of E2F-1, cyclin E and hTERT mRNA was 92.6% (50/54), 66.7% (36/54) and 94.4% (51/54), respectively. With AB recurrence and malignant transformation, the expression of hTERT, E2F-1, cyclin E was up-regulated. hTERT and cyclin E or E2F-1 mRNA had high positive relation (Spearsman'r(s) = 1.000, P = 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONSThe regulatory pathway of Rb/E2F-1 is associated with the cell proliferation and in differentiation of AB. The activity or release of telomerase may be related to the lower expression of Rb and higher expression of E2F-1, and is up-regulated in G(1) late phase by cyclin E.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Ameloblastoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; Child ; Cyclin E ; biosynthesis ; E2F1 Transcription Factor ; biosynthesis ; Female ; Humans ; Jaw Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; RNA, Messenger ; biosynthesis ; Retinoblastoma Protein ; biosynthesis ; Telomerase ; genetics ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the correlation between programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in primary lung cancer cells, tumor associated macrophages (TAM) and patients' clinicopathological characteristics.

METHODSFrom 2008 to 2010, 208 non-small cell lung cancer patients who underwent surgery or CT-guided biopsy were recruited from Huadong Hospital, Fudan University. Immunohistochemistry staining was performed to evaluate the PD-L1 expression in both primary lung cancer cells and CD68 positive TAM. The relationship between PD-L1 expression and the clinical pathology was evaluated using χ(2) test. Spearman's rank correlations were used to determine the correlation between PD-L1 expression in tumor cells and macrophages.

RESULTSPositive PD-L1 expression in primary cancer cells was found in 136 (65.3%) patients, which were negatively correlated with lymph node metastasis (P=0.009) and smoking history (P=0.036). Besides, TAM with PD-L1 expression (found in 116 patients) was positively associated with smoking history (P=0.034), well-differentiation (P=0.029) and negative lymph node metastasis (P=0.0096). A correlation between PD-L1 expression in primary tumor cells and non-small cell lung cancer associated macrophages was found (r=0.228, P=0.021).

CONCLUSIONPD-L1, secreted from TAM, might induce cancer cells apoptosis, and decrease lymph node metastasis.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Apoptosis ; B7-H1 Antigen ; secretion ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; pathology ; secretion ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; pathology ; secretion ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Macrophages ; pathology ; secretion ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies