OBJECTIVE:To clarify the current situation of technologies for preparation of nanomedicine.DATA SOURCES: A search of Elsevier database was performed using the key terms "nanomedicine, preparation,nanoparticle, ultrafine powder, microsphere, drug, controlled release" from January 2000 to September 2006. Meanwhile,we also searched the China Journal Full-text Database for the related articles published between January 2000 to September 2006 with the key words "nanomedicine, preparation, powder, microsphere, controlled release" in Chinese.STUDY SELECTION: Articles were selected primarily after their abstracts being read, and related articles accorded with the criteria were collected and read entirely.DATA EXTRACTION: Totally 268 articles about nanomedcine were collected. Those repetitive or similar researches were excluded, and 38 articles met the research criteria.DATA SYNTHESIS: Nanomedicine consists of macromolecular conjugates and particulate drug carriers. The materials are stable but also degradable and biocompatible. At present, many technologies have been used for preparing nanomedicine, such as, emulsion, microemulsion, ultrasonic solvent-nonsolvent, spay drying and high-pressure homogenization, and so on.CONCLUSION: The application of nanomedicine carrier and nanotechnology not only sheds a new light on the traditional drugs whose applications are strongly restricted by their poor solubility, high toxicity and poor stability, but also enhances their therapeutic efficiency with lower dosage through targeting effect.

OBJECTIVE:To discuss the general regularity and characteristics of drug-induced hemorrhage.METHEDS:1139cases of drug-induced hemorrhage reported in internal medical journals published from Jan.1995to Dec.2004were collected and analyzed.RESULTS:The drugs that induced hemorrhage were chiefly antimicrobial drugs,central nervous system drugs and hematopoietic system drugs;oral drugs were the chief means that lead to hemorrhage which amounted to63.92%of the total hemorrhage cases;the bleeding parts were mainly alimentary tract and intestinal tract;the bleeding time usually occurred within2min～1mo after medication.Systematic administration-induced hemorrhage usually occurred under the normal administration and dosage;however,wrong use of drugs,irrational drug uses etc.were accountable for the hem?orrhage in local application.CONCLUSION:Clinicians should give detailed guidance to patients on the drug use so as to avoid wrong or irrational drug use.

Whole-cell patch-clamp technique was performed on isolated rat DRG neurons to investigate the modulation of DA onGABA-activated membrane currents. It was found that majority of the examined neurons(40/47) were sensitive to GABA, 10-6～ 103mol/L GABA activated a dose-dependent inward current which had an obvious desensitization. In 26 of 40 neurons sensitiveto GABA DA induced a little outward current which had no desentization at all. Others showed no effect obviously. When theneurons were treated with DA 10-7～10-4 mol/L prior to the application of GABA for 30 s, 68% (27/40) GABA-activated mem-brane currents were inhibited, whereas DA10-5 inhibited markedly(33.3%) (x±s).

Abscess ; diagnosis ; microbiology ; surgery ; Bacteria, Aerobic ; isolation & purification ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Fever ; Humans ; Prognosis ; Spleen ; pathology ; surgery ; Splenic Diseases ; diagnosis ; surgery ; Treatment Outcome

Child ; Coronary Aneurysm ; complications ; Humans ; Male ; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome ; complications ; Multiple Organ Failure ; complications ; Shock ; complications

Bone Cysts ; diagnosis ; Bone Cysts, Aneurysmal ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sphenoid Bone ; pathology

Objective To observe whether peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can induce the adhesion of T lymphocytes to endothelial cells. Methods Sera and PBMCs were obtained from patients with active SLE and normal human controls. PBMCs were cultivated and culture supematants were harvested. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured in vitro with or without the presence of the sera or culture super-natants of PBMCs. Some cells were pretreated with the antibody to IL-17 before the treatment with the sera or supematants. After another 48-hour culture, RT-PCR and real-time PCR were used to detect the mRNA expressions of adhesion molecules, including intercellular adhesion moleeule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and E-cadherin in HUVECs, wound healing assay to estimate the motility of HUVECs. Additionally, T lymphocytes were added to HUVECs 48 hours after stimulation with the sera or supematants, the adhering of T lymphocytes to HUVECs was observed by microscopy. Results After stimulation with supematants of PBMCs from patients with active SLE, the mRNA expressions of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-cadherin were significantly increased in HUVEC, while the increase could be inhibited by the antibody to IL-17. The elevation of adhesion molecule expression subsequently promoted the motility of HUVEC, mediated the adhesion of T lymphocytes to HUVEC, and the antibody to IL-17 could suppress the adhesion of T lymphocytes and motility of HUVEC. Conclusion The culture supematants of PBMCs from patients with active SLE can induce the expression of vascular cell adherin molecules and promote the adherin of T lymphocytes, which may in turn mediate the development of lupus vasculitis.

Objective To investigate the effects of Kr üppel-like factor 2 ( KLF2 ) on oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) induced expression of microRNA-146a (miR-146a) and proinflammatory cyto-kines (MCP-1 and IL-6) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).Methods Human umbili-cal vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured and then stimulated with 50μg/ml ox-LDL for 24 hours. HUVECs were infected with adenovirus vectors over-expressing human KLF2 at an appropriate multiplicity of infection.KLF2-siRNA duplexes were transfected into HUVECs to silence the gene expression .HUVECs were collected at time points of 0 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h after infection.Real-time quantitative-PCR was performed to measure the expression of miR-146a at mRNA level.Silenced endogenous miR-146a using LNA-anti-miR-146 a was transfected into HUVECs with lipofectamine 2000 .The levels of MCP-1 and IL-6 in supernatants were detected by ELISA .Results KLF2 remarkably inhibited the expression of miR-146 a in unstimulated and ox-LDL-stimulated HUVECs in a time-dependent manner .The ox-LDL induced ex-pression of miR-146a, MCP-1 and IL-6 in HUVECs were significantly decreased by KLF2.Silenced expres-sion of miR-146a downr-egulated the ox -LDL induced expression of MCP-1 and IL-6 in HUVECs.Moreover, silenced miR-146 a could partly reverse the inhibitory effects of KLF 2 on ox-LDL induced expression of MCP-1 and IL-6 in HUVECs.Conclusion KLF2 inhibited ox-LDL induced expression of MCP-1 and IL-6 in HUVECs partly through down-regulating the expression of miR-146a.

Cervical Vertebrae ; Dura Mater ; Epidural Space ; Humans ; Spinal Cord Neoplasms ; surgery

[Objective]To investigate surgical strategy of lowest instrumented vertebrae(LIV)selection of anterior correction for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,and to discuss correlation of lowest instrumented vertebrae and trunk balance.[Method]Twenty-eight patients with thoracolumbar/lumbar adolescent idiopathic scoliosis(Lenke 5 type)were treated by anterior correction and fusion with mean 1.5-year follow-up.Specific radiographic parameters such as LIV and fusion levels,disc wedging,LIV obliquity,global coronal balance were observed respectively,and correlation of disc wedging and these parameters was analyzed.[Result]The preoperative disc angle was(2.96??1.43?)and postoperative was(-3.60??1.75?).The postoperative disc wedging was most correlated with LIV obliquity.Trunk balance and LIV-CSVL distance,fusion segments,LIV obliquity were significant correlated.[Conclusion]Selection of LIV was correlated with various radiographic parameters.Short fusion was inappropriate in such conditions:big disc angle of lower end vertebrae between superior vertebrae,fewer vertebra between certain vertebrae and apex vertebrae,long distance from certain vertebrae to CSVL and lager obliquity of the vertebrae.Disc wedging distal to LIV tent to occur postoperatively if parallel disc was not involved.