Testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) is a most common testicular malignancy with an increasing incidence, and its pathogenesis and mechanisms are not yet clear. The next generation sequencing has become the main tool to uncover the underlying mechanisms of TGCT. The differential gene expressions, gene mutation, predisposing gene-dominated signaling pathways, and changes of the relevant genes in the sex chromosome are largely involved in the occurrence and development of TGCT. Studies on the genomics of TGCT contribute a lot to identifying the pivotal pathogenic genes and paving a theoretical ground for the early screening and targeted therapy of TGCT. This paper summarizes the advances in the studies of the genomics of TGCT so as to reveal thetmechanisms of the disease at the genetic level.
Genomics ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; Male ; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal ; genetics ; Testicular Neoplasms ; genetics

Objective To explore how to improve the sensitivity and specificity of CT cisternography (CTC) examination.Methods The clinical data of 20 cases of CTC in detecting cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea were analyzed,and the influence of continuous dripping of fluid and the filling time of subarachnoid space upon the image quality were observed.Results Nineteen cases of active cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea were found with CTC,and the fistula sites were determined by CTC.Eighteen cases received operation which confirmed the fistula sites.One case was found with no active fistula site.According to the image of ethmoid sinus leaks results,7 cases had better image quality in 9 cases whose subarachnoid space filling time was longer than or equal to 10 min.One case had better image quality in 6 cases whose subarachnoid space filling time was shorter than 10 min.There was significant difference (P =0.0406).Conclusion To raise the positive rate of CTC,the position of active fistula should be maintained and keep the time between the injection and scan longer than or equal to 10 min,which help to get better image quality.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of moxibustion with different doses for knee osteoarthritis (KOA), and explore the correlation between moxibustion dose and clinical efficacy. Methods: Sixty-eight patients with KOA who met the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into a 20-minute moxibustion group and a 40-minute moxibustion group by the random number table method, with 34 cases in each group. Dubi (ST 35), Neixiyan (EX-LE 4) and Heding (EX-LE 2) were used for moxibustion in the two groups. Each treatment lasted 20 min or 40 min for each point in the 20-minute moxibustion group and 40-minute moxibustion group, separately; the treatment was given 3 times a week and lasted for 4 weeks. The visual analog scale (VAS), Western Ontario and McMaster University osteoarthritis index (WOMAC) and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) symptom scores were evaluated before and after treatment to compare the efficacy between different moxibustion doses for KOA. Results: After treatment, the total effective rate was 87.5％ in the 40-minute moxibustion group, versus 70.0％ in the 20-minute moxibustion group, and the difference in the total effective rate between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). After treatment, the VAS scores, the total WOMAC scores and the component scores of pain, stiffness and dysfunction, and the TCM symptom scores in both groups all changed significantly when compared with those before treatment (all P<0.05). After treatment, the between-group differences in the VAS score, the total WOMAC score and the component scores of pain and dysfunction, and the TCM symptom score were statistically significant (all P<0.05), while the difference in the stiffness score in WOMAC showed no statistical significance (P>0.05). Conclusion: Either 20-minute moxibustion or 40-minute moxibustion can relieve pain, improve stiffness, dysfunction, and TCM symptoms for KOA; and 40-minute moxibustion is better in relieving pain, improving dysfunction and TCM symptoms.

Background Chemical crosslinking agent can be used to strengthen the intensity of sclera tissue,but the intensity of the sclera may be influenced by different crosslinking methods.Objective The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of collagen crosslinking on porcine sclera between whole-eye crosslinking method and scleral strip crosslinking method.Methods Whole-eye crosslinking or sclera strip crosslinking was performed on 70 fresh porcine eyeballs in five groups using 1％ genipin,1％ glutaraldehyde or PBS respectively for 40 minutes.After crosslinking,10 sclera strips with l0 mm×4 mm from the temporal lateral were prepared in every group for the stress-strain measurement using a Instron5848 microtester,and the other 4 scleral strips in each group were extracted for the thermal shrinkage temperature test.Results Biomechanical property test reveled that the elastic modulus value of sclera strips reduced by 70.0％-82.8％ in the whole-eye crosslinking method group compared with scleral stip crosslinking method group after treated with 1％ genipin ((8.98 ± 1.81) MPa vs.(10.85 ± 1.83) MPa,t =3.375,P =0.003)) and 1％ glutaraldehyde((12.78 ±2.91) MPa vs.(18.25 ±5.16) MPa,t =4.007,P =0.001)) ;The tensile stress of whole-eye crosslinking method group was 54.9％-90.1％ of scleral stips method group,showing significant decline after corsslinked of whole-eye in 5％,10％,15％ and 20％ strain conditions (all P ＜ 0.05).Thermomechanics test showed that the thermal shrinkage temperature was lower in the whole-eye crosslinking group compared with scleral stip crosslinking group after treated with both 1％ genipin ((68.8 ±0.9)℃ vs.(74.8± 1.3)℃,t=11.129,P=0.000)) and 1％ glutaraldehyde((73.3±0.9)℃ vs.(79.3±1.3)℃,t=11.112,P=0.000)).Conclusions Different crosslinking methods have an influence on the efficacy of collagen crosslinking on porcine sclera.Sclera strip crosslinking offers a better crosslinking intensity for selera.

Adult ; Hamartoma ; pathology ; Humans ; Lung ; pathology ; Lung Neoplasms ; pathology

This study aimed to design a pair of primers for amplifying internal transcribed spacer 2 region which was used to identify Gastrodia elata through optimizing of DNA extraction and PCR amplification process. Two sequences are used for research object by amplification of universal primers. Design three pairs of specific primers by Primer Premier 5.0 and select the highest specificity through the study of 22 samples. The results showed that identification efficiency of the primer named TM2F-2R is as high as 90.9% when Annealing Temperature is equal to 54 degrees Celsius. Therefore, TM2F-2R can be used as primers ITS2 sequences of G. elata, this article provides a set of accu-rate and stable identification methods for G. elata in the molecular identification.

This study examined the osteogenic effect of electromagnetic fields (EMF) under the simulated in vivo conditions. Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and rat osteoblasts were co-cultured and exposed to 50 Hz, 1.0 mT EMF for different terms. Unexposed single-cultured BMSCs and osteoblasts were set as controls. Cell proliferation features of single-cultured BMSCs and osteoblasts were studied by using a cell counting kit (CCK-8). For the co-culture system, cells in each group were randomly chosen for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining on the day 7. When EMF exposure lasted for 14 days, dishes in each group were randomly chosen for total RNA extraction and von Kossa staining. The mRNA expression of osteogenic markers was detected by using real-time PCR. Our study showed that short-term EMF exposure (2 h/day) could obviously promote proliferation of BMSCs and osteoblasts, while long-term EMF (8 h/day) could promote osteogenic differentiation significantly under co-cultured conditions. Under EMF exposure, osteogenesis-related mRNA expression changed obviously in co-cultured and single-cultured cells. It was noteworthy that most osteogenic indices in osteoblasts were increased markedly after co-culture except Bmp2, which was increased gradually when cells were exposed to EMF. Compared to other indices, the expression of Bmp2 in BMSCs was increased sharply in both single-cultured and co-cultured groups when they were exposed to EMF. The mRNA expression of Bmp2 in BMSCs was approximately four times higher in 8-h EMF group than that in the unexposed group. Our results suggest that Bmp2-mediated cellular interaction induced by EMF exposure might play an important role in the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.

Objective To explore the changes of contents of glutamate (Glu) and aspartate (Asp) in hippocampus formation and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in kainite acid(KA) induced epilepsy rats.Methods SD rats(n=40) were divided into 2 groups randomly:the KA group [intracerebroventricular injection(icv) of KA, 2 ?g/kg] and control group(icv of NS). KA group were divided into 4 groups at 6 h,1,3 and 7 d,each group 8 rats.High pressure liquid chromatgraphy(HPLC) was used to assess the concentrations of Glu and Asp in hippocampus formation and CSF.Results In the hippocampus, the contents of Glu and Asp increased continuously 1 d after seizure , but not different from those of control group.Three days later, only Glu became significantly different from control group. However, the contents of Glu and Asp in the CSF were significantly different from the control 6 h after seizure.Conclusion The contents of excite amino acid (especially Glu)in CSF increase immediately after KA injection, which are earlier than those in hippocampus formation.

Objective To investigate the association between Has‐miRNA‐149 polymorphism and susceptibility of digestive tract cancer .Methods A systematic search of Pubmed ,EMBASE and Web of Science ,CNKI ,Wanfang was conducted for relevant studies .The odds ratios(OR) and 95% confidence intervals(95% CI) calculated by Stata12 .0 software were used to assess the asso‐ciation between Has‐miRNA‐149 polymorphism and risk of digestive tract cancer .The Q test ,I2 value and funnel plot were conduc‐ted to examine heterogeneity and publication bias ,respectively .Results A total of thirteen eligible studies containing 4 424 cases and 5 290 controls were included in this Meta analysis .There were significant relationships between Hsa‐miRNA‐149 polymorphism and susceptibility of digestive tract cancer (Domina model CT+CC vs .TT ,OR=0 .915 ,95% CI:0 .840-0 .996 ,P=0 .040 ;Hetero‐zygous model CT vs .TT ,OR=0 .880 ,95% CI:0 .803 -0 .965 ,P=0 .007) .In the stratified analysis ,it was found that the risk of colorectal cancer decreased in patients carrying CC/CT genotypes(OR=0 .834 ,95% CI:0 .715-0 .972 ,P=0 .021) ,especially in A‐sians (CT+CC vs .TT ,OR=0 .894 ,95% CI:0 .818-0 .977 ,P=0 .013) ,while that was not found in the Caucasoids .Conclusion Has‐miRNA‐149 polymorphism is associated with the susceptibility of digestive tract cancer .The CC/CT genotypes may decrease the risk of digestive tract cancer ,especially in Asians .

Objective:To construct the rat models of orthotopic bladder cancer induced by N-methyl-nitrosourea (MNU),and to evaluate the value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)in the noninvasive diagnosis of the bladder cancer model.Methods:Sixty femail SD rats were divided into experiment group (n=45)and control group (n=15).The rats experiment group were induced with MNU (2 mg per rat)by intravesical administration every other week,for 4 times.Meantime,the rats in control group were treated with normal saline (0.2 mL per rat)by intravesical administration.At the end of the 14th week,all rats were examined by MRI and the pathological changes of bladder tissue were detected.Results:In experiment group,43 rats were alived and 2 rats were died at the end of the 14th week;the survial rate was 95.6% and the death rate was 4.4%;the abnormal signals were found in each of 43 rats by MRI which manifested as bladder tumor, and the same results were identified by pathology;the tumor formation rate was 100%.In control group,14 rats were alived and 1 rat was died at the end of the 14th week;the survival rate was 93.3%,and the death rate was 6.7%;there was no abnormal signal in the MRI examination and no bladder cancer in the pathological examination;the tumor formation rate was 0.The tumor formation rates of bladder cancer of the rats in two groups had significant difference (P <0.05),and the death rate had no significant difference (P >0.05).Conclusion:The method to establish the rat models of orthotopic bladder cancer induced by MNU is simple and reliable;the results of MRI are consistent with the pathological results and MRI examination is a reliable diagnostic method concerning this model.