China ; Immunization Programs

The endophytic microorganisms found widely in many kinds of plants mediate various effects to theirs hosts. In this study, seven different dominant endophytes (SDE01 to 07) isolated from a Hy-peraccumulator-Solanum nigrum L. were resistant to Cd2+, and the strain SDE06 survived even in the medium containing 80 mg/L of Cd2+. Bacteria strain SDE06 was identified as Bacillus sp.. The removal of Cd2+ of SDE06 in different conditions were studied. Under the optimal conditions, the incubating time was 36 h, the solution pH 6.0, the temperature was 37?C and the Cd2+ concentration of medium was 20 mg/L, the highest removal rate was up to 80.2% at this condition.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the triterpenoids chemical constituents in rhizome of Alisma gramineum.

METHODSilicon gel chromatography and HPLC techniques were employed for isolation and purification of the constituents, and the structures were elucidated by various spectral analyses such as NMR, MS and IR.

RESULT5 protostane-type tetracyclic triterpenoids were isolated and identified as 16,23-oxidoalisol B(1), 11-deoxyalisol C(2), alisol F(3), 16beta-methoxyalisol B acetate (4), 16beta-hydroxyalisol B acetate (5).

CONCLUSIONAll of these compounds were found from A. gramineum for the first time.

Alisma ; chemistry ; Cholestanones ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Rhizome ; chemistry ; Triterpenes ; chemistry ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVEEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a common causative agent of infectious mononucleosis (IM) and capable of efficiently immortalizing primary B cells into continuously growing lymphoblastoid cells in vitro. As B cell activation antigen, CD23 expression is induced by EBV infection of B cells and remains constitutively expressed at high levels in virtually all EBV-immortalized cells, which have been strongly linked to the development of B-cell lymphoproliferative disease and lymphoma. Whereas previous studies were performed in vivo in animals or ex vivo cultures, the present study aimed to explore the role of EBV-immortalized cells (CD23(+)/CD19(+)) in vivo analysis of children with EBV-IM.

METHODSIn a prospective trial, a group of 30 patients with IM (18 boys and 12 girls) with mean age of 3.9 +/- 1.3 years (range 6 months to 8 years) were enrolled. Clinical diagnosis of IM was confirmed based on fever, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, lymphocytosis (> 50%), atypical lymphocytes (> 10%) in blood smears and the elevated levels of IgM antibody against EBV capsid antigen. The day of onset of fever was recognized as day 1 of illness. Blood samples taken during acute (3 - 5 days), early convalescent (about 11 - 15 days) and convalescent phase (about 30 - 45 days) were analyzed for expressions of CD19(+)/CD23(+), CD23, CD19 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells by flow cytometry (FCM) and was compared with those of control group.

RESULTS(1) The levels of CD23(+)/CD19(+) and CD23 expressions were markedly decreased in acute stage [CD23(+)/CD19(+) (2.22 +/- 1.47)%, (132 +/- 91)/mm(3); CD23 (3.12 +/- 1.88)%, (195 +/- 102)/mm(3)] and in early convalescent stage [CD23(+)/CD19(+) (4.51 +/- 2.25)%, (166 +/- 85)/mm(3); CD23 (5.55 +/- 2.76)%, (231 +/- 130)/mm(3)] in patients with IM as compared with those of the healthy controls [CD23(+)/CD19(+) (6.71 +/- 2.25)%, (215 +/- 68)/mm(3); CD23 (7.85 +/- 3.09)%, (249 +/- 86)/mm(3), respectively]. The earlier the history was, the lower the expressive levels were. The levels of CD23(+)/CD19(+) expressions returned to, but those of CD23 expressions exceeded, normal level in convalescent stage [CD23(+)/CD19(+) (6.72 +/- 2.16)%, (213 +/- 108)/mm(3); CD23 (9.46 +/- 2.73)%, (366 +/- 200)/mm(3)]. (2) There was a positive correlation in the expressions of CD23(+)/CD19(+) and CD23 among the three stages (P < 0.01). The positive correlation between the expressions of CD23(+)/CD19(+) and CD19 only occurred during acute stage (P < 0.01). There was no correlation between the expressions of CD23 and CD19 (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONEBV-immortalized cells and CD23(+) cells were inhibited effectively during the acute and early convalescent stage of IM. With the recovery of the disease, they gradually recovered and the levels of CD23 expressions exceeded normal level in convalescent stage.

B-Lymphocytes ; metabolism ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cell Survival ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; pathogenicity ; Humans ; Infant ; Infectious Mononucleosis ; metabolism ; Male ; Receptors, IgE ; metabolism

OBJECTIVEInfectious mononucleosis (IM) is a lymphoproliferative disease caused primarily by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. The initial viral infection by EBV occurs in B lymphocytes and is followed by an extensive proliferation of T lymphocytes. Previous studies on immunity to EBV (including IM) have mainly focused on activation of peripheral blood T cells, which are responsible for the lymphocytosis in blood during acute IM. B cells, regarding CD23 as their activation marker, are the target cells of EBV infection. There are few reports on their effect in patients with IM. The role of them during acute IM is not known yet. The present study aimed to explore the action of B cells in patients with IM.

METHODSIn a prospective trial, a group of subjects comprised 22 patients with IM (14 boys and 8 girls) with mean age of 3.48 +/- 0.81 years (range 7 months to 8 years). Clinical diagnosis of IM was confirmed based on fever, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, lymphocytosis (> 50%), atypical lymphocytes (> 10%) in blood smears and the elevated levels of IgM antibody against EBV capsid antigen. The day of onset of fever was recognized as day 1 of illness. Blood samples taken during acute (3 - 5 days) and convalescent phase (about 15 days) were analyzed for expressions of CD19, CD19(+)/CD23(+) on PBMC by flow cytometry (FCM) and was compared with those of control group. The number of the days with fever was recorded.

RESULTS(1) The levels of CD19 and CD19(+)/CD23(+) expressions were markedly decreased in acute stage [CD19 (5.63 +/- 2.91)%, (387 +/- 178)/mm(3), CD19(+)/CD23(+) (2.45 +/- 1.87)%, (160 +/- 99)/mm(3)] and in convalescent stage [CD19 (12.49 +/- 5.70)%, (428 +/- 156)/mm(3), CD19(+)/CD23(+) (5.05 +/- 2.79)%, (172 +/- 78)/mm(3)] in patients with IM as compared with those of the healthy controls [CD19 (16.20 +/- 2.80)%, (545 +/- 150)/mm(3); CD19(+)/CD23(+) (7.08 +/- 2.78)%, (249 +/- 136)/mm(3)]. The earlier the specimens were taken after onset, the lower the expressed levels were. (2) There was a positive correlation of the expressions of CD19 and CD19(+)/CD23(+) between acute and convalescent stage (P < 0.01);there was also a positive correlation between the expressions of CD19 and CD19(+)/CD23(+) during acute and convalescent stage (P < 0.01). (3) A negative correlation was found between the duration of fever and the level of CD19 and CD19(+)/CD23(+) in acute stage (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe results indicate that B cells and CD23(+) B cells were significantly inhibited during the onset of IM in the patients, that with the recovery of the disease, the condition was gradually improved, and that the more evidently the CD19 and CD19(+)/CD23(+) decreased, the more serious the clinical symptoms were and the longer time the recovery needed. The levels of CD19 and CD19(+)/CD23(+) expressions may be useful in diagnosis and predicting the severity.

Antigens, CD19 ; immunology ; B-Lymphocytes ; immunology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; Humans ; Infant ; Infectious Mononucleosis ; diagnosis ; immunology ; virology ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Receptors, IgE ; immunology ; T-Lymphocytes ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo explore the inhibition pathway of the EBV-immortalized cells (CD23(+)) in children with infectious mononucleosis (IM) caused by Epstein-Barr virus.

METHODSThe expressions of CD23, CD19, CD95, Bcl-2 and the co-expressions of CD23CD95, CD19CD23 on peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) were analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM) during acute phase, early convalescent phase and convalescent phase of 34 EBV-IM children and compared with that of 24 healthy donors.

RESULTS(1) The levels of CD23(+) and CD23(+)CD19(+) cells decreased and CD95(+), CD95(+)CD23(+), Bcl-2(+) cells increased markedly in IM patients in acute phase [CD95(+) cells (19.43 +/- 8.46)%; CD95(+)CD23(+) cells (1.81 +/- 1.71)%; Bcl-2(+) cells (23.41 +/- 26.47)%] and early convalescent phase [CD95(+) cells (12.94 +/- 5.05)%; CD95(+)CD23(+) (1.05 +/- 1.20)%; Bcl-2(+) cells (10.54 +/- 9.68)%], as compared with those of healthy controls [CD95(+) cells (10.39 +/- 2.90)%; CD95(+)CD23(+) cells (0.50 +/- 0.46)%; Bcl-2(+) cells (7.25 +/- 2.88)%]. The earlier the course of IM, the more abnormal the expressive levels. All the abnormal results returned to normal in convalescent phase. (2) Positive relationships were observed between the expressions of CD95(+)CD23(+) cells and that of CD23(+) cells, CD23(+)CD19(+) cells during acute and early convalescent phase, the expressions of Bcl-2(+), CD3(+) cells and CD23(+), CD23(+)CD19(+) cells during acute phase, the expressions of CD95(+)CD23(+) cells and Bcl-2(+) cells during acute phase, and the expressions of CD95(+)CD23(+) cells and CD95(+) cells during convalescent phase.

CONCLUSIONThe results indicate that CD95L-CD95 mediated apoptosis plays an important role in eliminating EBV-immortalized cells, which is counteracted partly by Bcl-2.

Antigens, CD19 ; blood ; Cell Transformation, Viral ; Cells, Cultured ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; Humans ; Infant ; Infectious Mononucleosis ; blood ; pathology ; virology ; Male ; Receptors, IgE ; blood ; bcl-Associated Death Protein ; blood ; fas Receptor ; blood

OBJECTIVETo investigate whether training in the department of urology will help interns acquire more knowledge on male reproductive health in such aspects as male erectile dysfunction (ED), premature ejaculation, male infertility (PE), male contraception, and so on.

METHODSSixty interns receiving rotatory training in the Department of Urology of the Peking University Third Hospital were recruited to complete a questionnaire designed by ourselves. A comparison was made of their knowledge on male reproductive health before and after their training in the department by using the chi-square statistical test in SPSS 11.0 software.

RESULTSWith regard to ED in such questions as "Do you regard ED as a disease affecting the aging male?" and "Do you regard ED as a local symptom of some male systemic disease?", all the interns knew significantly better after trained in the department of urology. Concerning the definition of ED and the effect of sildenafil citrate on ED, no significant difference was found in their knowledge between pre-training and post-training. As to patients' questions about ED, most of them showed interest but rarely made any initiative inquiries, which was not significantly changed after the training. Regarding PE, most of them knew very little even after trained, but they all thought of it as a disease affecting life quality. As regards male infertility, although some knew something about its definition and the normal parameters of semen routine analyses, others remained quite ignorant. As for male contraception, most of them knew little even after trained in the department.

CONCLUSIONInterns generally acquire more knowledge on male reproductive health after trained in the department of urology. However, in regard to male infertility and male contraception, their knowledge is quite insufficient, which implies the need for strengthening the training in the related aspects.

Adult ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; Internship and Residency ; Male ; Reproduction ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Urology ; education

Objective To improve clinically the recognition of fungal infection associated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in children. Methods Clinical data of 3 children with fungal infection complicated with HLH in our hospital was retrospectively analyzed. Results All the 3 cases complained of recurrent fever, 2 cases with cough and one case with vomiting. Hepatosplenomagaly and lymphadenectasis were found in the medical examination. The time of diagnosis of fungal infection through etiological examination was 5 days after admission. It was further diagnosed as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis after failure of effective antifungal therapy. Routine blood test showed the counts of leukocytes were increased in early stage, while the number of platelets and hemoglobin decreased in different degrees. The recovery is not satisfactory using antifungal therapy alone, and 2 of them are gradually aggravated and treated with mechanical ventilation. On the basis of antifungal therapy, 2 cases were treated under HLH-2004 regimen, 1 received dexamethasone treatment. All the 3 cases received intravenous immune globulin, and showed improvement. Conclusions Fungal infection complicated with HLH in childhood is rare. The effect of simple antifungal therapy on the progression is limited. However, increasing immunosuppressive therapy based on effective antifungal therapy can improve the prognosis.

Objective:To improve the genetic stability of HBV gene in transgenic mice.Methods:HBV transgenic mice were bred by backcross and double cross.The HBV gene expression and replication were studied with real-time PCR,ELISA and chemiluminescence.Results:The HBV transgenic mice have stably bred to 23rd generation.The serum HBsAg level is 4122.31?2044.74IU/ml;The rate of HBV transgenic mice whose serum HBV DNA reach 104~106copies/ml was 93.93%.The HBV replication and expression were improved markedly.There is no difference between male and female mice about serum HBsAg level.Conclusion:After breeding the HBV gene was expressed stably with high-level in transgenic mice.

OBJECTIVETo understand mental health status of the students and adults in the earthquake disaster areas, as to providing guidance on intervention for post-disaster psychological crisis.

METHODSThe Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20), an appendix of The Ministry of Health of "emergency psychological crisis intervention guiding principles", was used among 1222 victims in Wenchuan earthquake, Sichuan province. This questionnaire survey was conducted in 729 students and 493 adult victims in a randomized method. Of the 734 questionnaires distributed and received in students, 729 were validly responded with efficiency rate of 99.32%; while for adults, 496 questionnaires distributed, 496 received, 493 were valid with efficiency rate of 99.39%.

RESULTS(1) In students victims, 65% responded that they did feel "uneasy, nervous or worried", followed by "easy to be scared", "feel unhappy", "easy fatigue" and "hard to make a decision". For adult victims, 80.5% replied that they felt "uneasy, nervous or worried", followed by "feel unhappy", "easy fatigue", "difficult sleeping", "easy to be scared". (2) The average of the SRQ score of student victims was 6.58 +/- 3.99, and 6.07 +/- 4.02 for males, 7.03 +/- 3.91 for females. The average of the SRQ score of student victims was 7.36 +/- 3.98, male 6.68 +/- 3.82, female 7.99 +/- 4.03. The significant differences (t(women) = 2.985, P < 0.01; t(total) = 3.332, P < 0.01) was observed in women and the total group of students and adults. (3) The SRQ positive screening rate of students group was 46.50%, the adult group was 52.33%, SRQ >or= 7 points and SRQ < 7 sub-group of students and adults of the total score there were significant differences (t(1) = 39.771, P < 0.01; t(2) = 31.961, P < 0.01). SRQ >or= 7 sub-group of students and adult women in between there was a significant difference (t = 23.641, P < 0.01), SRQ < 7 sub-group of students and adults in general and women there were significant differences (t(1) = 3.092, P < 0.01; t(2) = 2.911, P < 0.01). (4) SRQ scores with gender and age had had a positive relation (r(SRQ total-sex) = 0.118, P = 0.000; r(SRQ total-age) = 0.103, P = 0.000).

CONCLUSIONThe emotional suffering symptoms of students victims and adult victims should be "nervous, unhappy, vulnerable on issues such as fatigue", the adult group had a higher symptom rate than the group of students, the mental health was more serious than that of students, as influenced by some factors including age and gender. Students, being a special population group should be paid more attention to focusing a designated behavior intervention, as a planned manner of intervention.

Adult ; Child ; China ; Disasters ; Earthquakes ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mental Health ; Middle Aged ; Stress, Psychological ; epidemiology ; Students ; psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires