Emotion recognition will be prosperious in multifarious applications, like distance education, healthcare, and human-computer interactions, etc. Emotions can be recognized from the behavior signals such as speech, facial expressions, gestures or the physiological signals such as electroencephalogram and electrocardiogram. Contrast to other methods, the physiological signals based emotion recognition can achieve more objective and effective results because it is almost impossible to be disguised. This paper introduces recent advancements in emotion research using physiological signals, specified to its emotion model, elicitation stimuli, feature extraction and classification methods. Finally the paper also discusses some research challenges and future developments.
Electrocardiography ; Electroencephalography ; Emotions ; physiology ; Facial Expression ; Gestures ; Humans ; Models, Theoretical

ITS2 sequence was used as a barcode to identify Viticis Fructus and its adulterants. The study collected 46 samples include Viticis Fructus and its adulterants. The sequences were obtained by extracting DNA, amplification, sequencing bi-direstionlly, and then assembling with CodonCode Aligner. To identify Viticis Fructus and its adulterants, the study used the methods of computing the genetic distances by Kimura 2-Parameter (K2P) model and constructing the Neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic trees using MEGA5.0. The results showed that the maximum inter-specific K2P distance of Viticis Fructus was less than the minimum inter-specific K2P distance of Viticis Fructus and its adulterants and the NJ tree indicated that the Viticis Fructus and its adulterants could be distinguished clearly. Therefore, using ITS2 barcode can distinguished Viticis Fructus and its adulterants accurately.

Objective To investigate the effect of Clopidogrel on the plasma endothelin(ET)and calcitonin gene related peptide(CGRP)in patients with unstable angina pectoris(UAP).Methods Patients with UAP were divided into two groups,the regular treated group(n =50)was treated with Isoket and the Dansben group(n =50)was treated with combined Isoket and Clopidogrel.The plasma ET and CGRP were measured before and after treatment by radioimmunoreactive assay.Data were compared between the two groups and also compared with those measured in 20healthy subjects for control.Results ET level was significantly higher and CGRP level was lower in UAP patients than that in healthy subjects(P ＜ 0.05).After Clopidogrel treatment,ET was significantly decreased(P ＜ 0.01)and CGRP increased(P ＜0.05)in combined treatment group compared with patients received lsoket only.Conclusion Clopidogrel was an effective drug for UAP treatment,which could efficiently regulate the ET and CGRP metabolism.

The ubiquitin-proteasome system is composed by multiple enzymes which are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells and plays an essential role in a variety of biological processes. As key members of the protein degradation enzymatic system, the function of E3 ubiquitin ligases has been extensively investigated. BMP and TGF-? are critical molecules that regulate proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of osteoblasts and chondrocytes through different signaling pathways. Resent findings indicate that the ubiquitin-proteasome system functions as a key regulator in bone cells and the E3 ligase mediates the proteolytic degradation of critical molecules in BMP and TGF-? signaling pathways. Recent progress on studies of HECT domain E3 ligase, Smurf, in osteoblasts and chondrocytes were summarized. The regulatory role of Smurf1 and Smurf2 in BMP and TGF-? signaling and osteoblast and chondrocyte function has been reviewed.

Early hematoma enlargement in intracerebral hemorrhage seriously influences the prognosis of patients.This article reviews the incidence,diagnostic criteria,influence factors and prevention and treatment of early hematoma enlargement in intracerebral hemorrhage.

[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the clinical value of echocardiography and blood lipid level in the diagnosis of coronary heart disease (CAD). Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 240 suspected CAD in-patients who were treated in the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Southeast University from Jun. 2013 to Oct. 2014. The patients were divided into non-CAD group (n＝58) and CAD group (n＝182) according to the results of coronary angiography. The patients in CAD group were further divided into single vessel lesion group (n＝84) and multi-vessel lesion group (n＝98). The indexes of color Doppler echocardiography and blood lipid levels were compared between non-CAD group and CAD group, and single vessel disease subgroup and multiple vessel disease subgroup. Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of CAD. Results E-peak velocity (E) in early diastolic phase and the ratio of E peak velocity to late diastolic phase A-peak velocity (E/A) in CAD group were lower than those in non-CAD group; the E-peak deceleration time (DT) and left ventricular isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) were longer than those in non-CAD group; the left atrial diameter (LAD), interventricular septal thickness (IVS) and left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPW) were higher than those in non-CAD group; and the left ventricular diameter (LVD) was larger than that of non-CAD group (all P0.05). In patients with CAD, E in multi-vessel lesion subgroup was higher than that in single vessel lesion subgroup; E/A in multi-vessel lesion subgroup was lower than that in single vessel lesion subgroup; DT and IVRT were longer than those in single vessel lesion subgroup; and LAD, IVS, LVPW and LVD were larger than those in single vessel lesion subgroup (P0.05). The levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in CAD group were higher than those in non-CAD group, and the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was lower than that in non-CAD group (all P0.05). The levels of serum TC, TG and LDL-C in multi-vessel lesion subgroup were higher than those in single vessel lesion subgroup, and the HDL-C level was lower than that in single vessel lesion subgroup (all P0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that age, TC, IVRT, LAD and LDL-C were independent risk factors for CAD (all P0.05), and E and HDL-C were independent protective factors for CAD (both P0.05). Conclusion Abnormal blood lipid and left ventricular diastolic function are closely related to the development and progression of CAD, and their abnormalities are of great significance for the clinical diagnosis of CAD.

Objective To explore the effect and safety of transcranial approach for spheno-orhital meningioma. Design Retro- spective case series. Participants Thirty-two patients being operated with transcranial approach. Twenty-four cases were meningothelial meningiomas, 3 cases were fibrous meningiomas, 1 case was psammomatous meningioma, 2 cases were atypital meningiomas, 2 case were malignant meningiomas. Methods All patients underwent frontal-temporal craniotomy, the involved sphenoid wing bone and peri- orbit were removed to prevent recurrence. The superior orbital fissure and optic canal were decompressed, the dural and periorbital de- feet were repaired by autogenous temporal fascia or artificial dura. Main Outcome Measures Preoperative and postoperative exoph- thalmus and eyeball movement, the extent of tumor resection, the ratio of recurrence. Results The extent of tumor resection: 8 cases were Simpson gradeⅡ, 20 cases Simpson gradeⅢ, 4 cases Simpson grade IV. After surgery, proptosis were improved in all patients, ophthalmoplegia was found in 6 eases. There was no operation-related death or other significant complication. Tumor recurred in 6 cas- es. Conclusions Adequate exposure of the tumor and bony decompression of the cranial nerves can result from transcranial approach, all the involved bone should be removed in order to prevent recurrence. This approach is relatively safe and the ptoptosis are improved significantly. Complete surgical resection is difficult because of the involvement of the orbital apex, superior orbital fissure and cav- ernous sinus.

Objective To investigate the morbidity and characteristic of nosocomial infections in end stage renal disease(ESRD) patients undergoing blood purification.Methods Medical records of ESRD patients undergoing blood purification from 2004 to 2005 were enrolled in this retrospective study of hospitalized cases.The clinical data of nosocomial infections in hemodialysis (HD)and peritoneal dialysis(PD)patients were analyzed separately.Results Nosocomial infection was identified in 76 of the 400 enrolled patients.In HD patients,pulmonary infection was the most common nosocomial infection(53.3%),most due to gram-negative microorganisms,followed by bloodstream(16.7%)and urinary tract infection(15%),most of both were due to gram-positive bacteria.Pulmonary infection was usually complicated.Bloodstream infection was associated with the duration of placement of central vein catheters.Asymptomatic bacteriuria accounted for most of the urinary tract infection.In PD patients, most infections were pulmonary infection(65.5%),mainly caused by fungal pathogens,followed by peritonitis(20.7%), mainly due to gram-positive bacteria.Certain proportion of infections in both groups was caused by multiple microorganisms or identified in multiple sites.Conclusions The prevalence of nosocomial infection is high in hospitalized patients undergoing blood purification.The infection is complicated in terms of pathogen and clinical picture.Pulmonary infection is the most common in- fection.The prevalence of fungal infection is increasing.Effective prevention and therapeutic measures should be applied more vigorously in ESRD patients.

Glaucoma is a group of diseases which can threaten and damage the optic nerve and its visual pathway, leading to visual impairment as a result. Glaucomatous optic neuropathy is a chronic disease accompanied by apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells ( RGCs ) , visual field defect and cupping of optic nerve head. The gold standard in functional glaucoma evaluation is standard automated perimetry ( SAP) , but it is often limited to the subjective feelings of the patients. Still, visual electrophysiological techniques cannot replace the conventional inspection, but with its rapid development, it has provided a new strategy for the early diagnosis of glaucoma as a supplement because it can show changes in amplitude and latency before visual field defect. Here we review three special electroretinograms and multifocal focal visually evoked potentials in the early diagnosis of glaucoma.

objective To investigate the tissue localization of CD4+T cells producing IL-17,namely Th17 cells.in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),as well as its relationship with the activity of lupus.Methods By using H&E staining.double-label immunofluorescence.immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy.the localization of Th17 cells was carried out in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).affected tissue of skin and lung obtained from 4 patients with active SLE and 2 normal human controls.Flow cytometry.reverse transcription PCR.ELISA were used to detect the proportion of Th17 cells in PBMCs,the mRNA expression of interleukin-17(IL-17)A and IL-17 F,and serum level of interleukin 17,respectively,in 50 consecutive adult patients with SLE and 15 normal human controls.Results Th17 cells were detected in PBMCs of patients with active SLE.and the fuorescence intensity of IL-17 was significantly higher in patients with active SLE than in normal human controls(127.6±20.5 vs 40.6±11.1,P＜0.001).Infiltrates of Th17 cells were noted in both skin and lung tissues of patients with active SLE.but not in those of normal human controls.The proportion of Th17 cells in PBMCs was increased in patients with active SLE.and the proportion positively correlated with SLE disease activity index(SLEDAI) (r=0.725,P＜0.01).Further more.a significant increase was observed in the mRNA expression of IL-17 A and IL-17 F and serum level of IL-17 in patients with active SLE compared with normal human controls.The amount of Th17 cells was positively correlated with the development of vasculitis.and it experienced a decrease with the remission of SLE.Conclusions A proliferation of Th17 cells is noted in patients with active SLE.which seems to closely correlated with the activity of SLE and may take part in the development of vasculitis in SLE.