Bacterial disinfectant resistance is the phenomenon that minimal inhibitory concentration or minimal bactericidal concentration of a certain disinfectant increases after a certain bacterium contacts with it many times. It exists widespread. Many species of bacteria are may resistant to a certain disinfectant, and a species of bacterium is may resistant to many disinfectant Disinfectant selectivity pressure is the extrinsic agent of bacterial disinfectant resistance. Resistance mechanisms include bacterial biochemistry structure, genetics pathway and enzymology pathway. There is relationship in disinfectant resistance and drug resistance. We should strengthen study and monitoring, enact unified standard and application specification to reduce bacterial disinfectant resistance.

Paeoniflorin (PAE) is the most abundant compound in Xuebijing injection widely used to treat sepsis. We aimed to investigate effect of PAE on expression of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) in a rat model of sepsis. Wistar rats were divided into Normal, Model, and PAE groups (n=20 each). Endotoxin was administrated at 5 mg/ml/kg in Model and PAE rats to establish rat sepsis model. 1 h after endotoxin administration, PAE was administrated at 4 ml/kg in PAE group once per day for 3 days. Routine blood tests and biochemical indexes were assessed, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB). The plasma sTREM-1 level was measured using quantitative ELISA. At the end of experiment, the small intestine, liver, kidney and lung were subjected to pathological examinations. A rat model of sepsis-induced multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) was established successfully with endotoxin administration (5 mg/ml/kg), evidenced by histo-pathological examinations, routine blood tests and biochemical indexes: platelet count decreased and white blood cell count increased (p<0.05), CK-MB and AST increased (p<0.05). PAE treatment significantly reduced the plasma levels of AST, CK-MB, and sTREM-1, compared to Model group (p<0.05). Meanwhile, sepsis-induced damages in the liver, lung, stomach and intestinal mucosa were also markedly ameliorated by PAE treatment. PAE demonstrated a significantly protective effect in a rat model of sepsis by decreasing plasma sTREM-1 level, reducing inflammation, preventing MODS and protecting organ functions.
Animals ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; Creatine ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Hematologic Tests ; Inflammation ; Intestinal Mucosa ; Intestine, Small ; Kidney ; Leukocyte Count ; Liver ; Lung ; Models, Animal ; Multiple Organ Failure ; Plasma ; Platelet Count ; Rats* ; Rats, Wistar ; Sepsis ; Stomach

OBJECTIVETo compare the difference of vasomotor functions in aortas segments from Wistar rats between 1-hour and 6-hours after exposure of water-soluble components of fine particulate matter (PM2.5).

METHODSAll 30 Wistar rats were assigned to five groups (n=6 for each group) at random: the blank control group, control group for 1-hour and 6-hours, exposure group for 1-hour and 6-hours. The rats were sacrificed 1-hour or 6-hours later and aorta ring segments were mounted on wire myographs.

RESULTS(1) There was no significant difference in vasomotor functions among three control groups (P>0.05). (2) 1-hour or 6-hours after exposure there was a decrease of contraction elicited by 60 mmol/L KCl in contrast to the control group (P<0.05), whereas no significant change between the exposure group for 1-hour and 6-hours (P>0.05). (3) On the level of 10(-5) or 10(-7) mol/L, 1-hour after exposure there was a decrease in endothelium-dependent acetylcholine (ACh) elicited relaxation precontracted by 10(-6) mol/L NE compared with the control group (P<0.01 or P<0.05), on the level from 10(-5) to 10(-7) mol/L there was a decrease compared with the exposure group for 6-hours (P<0.05), whereas no difference between the exposure group for 6-hours and the control group (P>0.05). On the level from 10(-5) to 10(-9) mol/L, 1-hour after exposure there was a decrease in endothelium-independent sodium nitroprusside (SNP) elicited relaxation precontracted by 10(-6) mol/L NE as compared with the control group (P<0.01 or P<0.05) and a decrease on the level of 10(-6) or 10(-9) mol/L compared with the exposure group for 6-hours (P<0.05), 6-hours after exposure a decrease was caused as compared with the control group on the level from 10(-5) to 10(-7) mol/L (P<0.01 or P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSInhibition of contraction and impairment of relaxation in aortas should be caused 1-hour after exposure to water-soluble components of PM2.5 in the air, which is weaken 6-hours after exposure.

Acetylcholine ; blood ; Air Pollutants ; toxicity ; Animals ; Aorta, Thoracic ; Male ; Particulate Matter ; toxicity ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Vasoconstriction ; drug effects ; Vasodilation ; drug effects

Objective To explore the safety and efficacy of cochlear implantation among elderly patients with severe to profound hearing loss. Methods Eight pre-elderly and elderly patients with an medium age of 58 years who suffered from bilateral severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss received cochlear implantation between November 2008 and November 2009. The patients' tolerance to implant surgery and the occurrence of complications were observed. Three months after switch-on, aided threshold and speech performance were measured. Results The surgery was uneventful in all cases with normal intraoperative neural response telemetry elicited. Three months after switch-on, average aided threshold across speech frequencies was 35 -50 dB HL measured in sound field with warble tone. The results of speech audiometry showed large variation between individuals. Some patients achieved good performance in monosyllable recognition test, disyllables threshold test and sentences recognition test under both bubble noise and quiet conditons. Conclusions Pre-elderly and elderly patients can endure a state of general anesthesia for cochlear surgery without complications. Cochlear implant can provide reconstruction of speech recognition capabilities for elderly patients suffering from severe to profound hearing loss. Cochlear implantation can improve the quality of life of elderly patients with hearing loss.

The N gene and genome promoter nucleotide sequence of a Chinese Peste des petits rumiants virus (PPRV) ("China/Tib/Gej/07-30") was firstly determined. The length of N gene was 1689 nucleotides with a single open reading frame (ORF). The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence was compared with the homologous region of other PPRV isolates. The nucleotide sequence of the "China/Tib/Gej/07-30" was 91.7%-97.6% identical to other PPRV isolates, while a homology of 94.9%-98.5% could be observed at the amino acids level. The N gene encoded a protein of 525 amino acids. Several sequence motifs were identified on the basis of conservation in the PPRVs and the morbilliviruses. The genome length of promoter region was 107 nucleotides with 91.8%-98.2% identity to other PPRV isolates. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the "China/Tib/Gej/07-30" belonged to the Asian lineage.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; China ; Female ; Genome, Viral ; Goat Diseases ; virology ; Goats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleocapsid Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants ; virology ; Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus ; chemistry ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Phylogeny ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis