Objectives: The objective of this evaluation was to assess the effectiveness of Mindfulness for Safe Schools, a mindfulness-based intervention adapted for sexual abuse prevention during peer-to-peer dating among Filipino public school children in Grades 7 and 8. It was hoped that through the intervention, children would be able to regulate their emotions so that they do not react impulsively to emotionally stimulating events, especially during peer dating. The study consists of four levels of evaluation: reaction, learnings, and behaviors of teachers toward the program, as well as effect of the intervention on emotion regulation and peer conformity among students. Methods: This study utilized a mixed methods design using a concurrent embedded method. For teachers, quantitative surveys and focused group discussions were conducted to determine their reactions to the training, their learnings, and behaviors after the program, as well as their observations of students’ responses to the intervention. Focused group discussions were analyzed through thematic analysis. Effect of the program on emotion regulation and peer conformity among students were determined mainly through a pre and post-test survey and analyzed through paired samples t-test. Video content analysis of the classroom delivery was also conducted to determine student engagement during the program. Results: Teachers reacted favorably to the training workshops and were able to use what they learned from the workshops to increase their patience and understanding towards themselves, their job, and their students. Students also reacted favorably to the Mindfulness for Safe Schools modules and were observed to use the skills taught in the modules to regulate their emotions. Emotion regulation improved (t=3.47, significant with p=0.00) and susceptibility to peer pressure decreased (t=8.94, significant with p=0.00) for Grade 8 students (n=950) after the modules were delivered. However, teachers reported implementation issues, such as conflicting requirements of the program with their official workload, which may have affected program effects. Conclusion Our findings indicate that Mindfulness for Safe Schools was associated with improvements in emotional awareness, management of negative emotions, and showing care and respect for student peers. It also suggests that integrating mindfulness interventions in schools requires close coordination with all stakeholders: teachers, schools, and appropriate government divisions to ensure fidelity and reaching desired effects.
Mindfulness

Background: Speech pathology (SP) students report great difficulty as they experience academic and mental health concerns while completing their programs. Even with increased global attention on non-cognitive factors influencing academic performance, no study focusing on Filipino SP students has been done. Objectives: This study aimed to (1) explore the relationships among mindfulness, growth mindset, academic intrinsic motivation, and academic performance, and (2) investigate the influence of mindfulness, mindset, and motivation levels on academic performance. Methodology: SP undergraduate students from a university in Manila (n=89) responded to an online survey measuring the three variables. Grades were extracted and analyzed alongside survey scores. Correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were performed. Results: Higher mindfulness level was significantly related to better academic performance (rs(89) = -.235, p<.05). Correlation analysis further revealed a significant association between mindfulness and growth mindset (rs(89) = .390, p<.01); mindfulness and academic intrinsic motivation (rs(89) = .504, p<.01); and growth mindset and academic intrinsic motivation (rs(89) = .409, p<.01). No significant relationship was found between grades and growth mindset or motivation levels. Furthermore, regression analysis revealed that mindfulness, mindset, and motivation levels do not significantly predict grades (F(3,85)=.461, p=.710, R2=.016). Conclusion This study provides scientific findings to help educators develop a better understanding of Filipino health professions education student characteristics. Evidence on the significance of mindfulness in student performance is presented. It also provides new knowledge regarding the association between the constructs of mindfulness, growth mindset, and intrinsic motivation in this specific population.
Mindfulness ; Motivation ; Academic Performance

OBJECTIVES: The Behavioral Activation of Depression Scale (BADS) has been reported to be a valid tool for assessing the different behavioral aspects of depression, such as activation, rumination or avoidance, and functional impairment. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the Korean version of BADS (K-BADS). METHODS: A sample of 196 outpatients completed the K-BADS and the data were analyzed for internal consistency and factor structures. An additional 51 outpatients re-filled the K-BADS after two weeks for the test-retest reliability. To test for the validity, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Working Alliance Inventory (WAI), Drug Attitude Inventory-10 (DAI-10), and Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) were administered. RESULTS: Internal consistency of K-BADS was good (Cronbach's alpha=0.843) and principal component factor analysis revealed the four-factor structure. The K-BADS showed a reasonable test-retest reliability (r=0.863, p<0.001). The total score of K-BADS correlated significantly with the total scores of the HADS depression (r=−0.694) and HADS anxiety (r=−0.681). No correlations were found between the K-BADS and the K-WAI (r=0.170) and between the K-BADS and the K-DAI-10 (r=0.311). CONCLUSION: The K-BADS is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring the behavioral activation for depression in Korean patients with depressive symptoms.
Anxiety ; Depression* ; Humans ; Mindfulness ; Outpatients ; Reproducibility of Results*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of a Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program on stress response and power in psychiatric inpatients in a closed ward. METHODS: For this study a quasi-experiment design was used to examine the effects of the intervention. The MBSR program conducted in this study was a six-session program, in which participants were asked to meditate for 45 minutes twice a week for 3 weeks. Homogeneity between the experimental and control group was assessed using χ² test, t-test, and Fisher's exact test. The results of the assessment showed that the variances of the two groups were equal. Demographic variables of the study participants were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study hypotheses were verified using t-test. Cronbach's α was measured to assess the reliability of each test. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, patients in the experimental group showed significant improvement in scores for stress response (t=3.62, p=.001) and power (t=-3.42, p=.001). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the mindfulness meditation program can be used as a psychosocial rehabilitation intervention for psychiatric inpatients by capitalizing on its positive effects on emotional reactivity and behavioral regulation.
Humans ; Inpatients* ; Meditation ; Mindfulness ; Psychiatric Nursing ; Psychiatric Rehabilitation

There is a considerable body of literature describing the trials of meditation as adjunctive treatment of psychiatry. Although meditation has included various concepts and activity through a long history, meditation used as a therapeutic intervention in psychiatry has usually been accepted as a kind of emotion and attention regulation training. The aim of this article was to review historical origin, clinical effectiveness, and neurobiological mechanism of meditation as treatment for psychiatric disorders. Meditation is originated from various types of religious tradition. In general, meditation is divided by the consciousness meditation and the awareness meditation. Concept of mindfulness-based therapy is mainly based on awareness meditation. In addition to two types of meditation, loving kindness meditation is developed and exercised in compassion-focused therapy. Neurobiological evidence suggests that meditation reduces stress-related autonomic and endocrine change. In addition, research using neuroimaging has provided biological evidence that a specific region of brain activity and connectivity is related to subjective experience of meditation. Clinical trials support the effectiveness of meditation for the treatment of anxiety, depression, and any other stress-related disorders. In the future, profound understanding of the neurobiological mechanism, clinical effectiveness, and side effects of meditation as treatment intervention of for psychiatric disorders would be provided for evidence based meditative practice.
Anxiety ; Brain ; Complementary Therapies ; Consciousness ; Depression ; Love ; Meditation* ; Mindfulness* ; Neuroimaging

BACKGROUND: Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is a structured group program that employs mindfulness meditation to alleviate suffering associated with physical, psychosomatic, and psychiatric disorders. In this study, we investigate the impact of MBSR on left ventricular (LV) and endothelial function in female patients with microvascular angina. METHODS: A total of 34 female patients (mean age 52.2 ± 13.8 years) diagnosed with microvascular angina underwent a MBSR program with anti-anginal medication for 8 weeks. The global longitudinal strain (GLS) of the LV was used as a parameter to assess myocardial function and reactive brachial flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) was used to assess endothelial function. Symptoms were analyzed by the Symptom Checklist 90 Revised to determine emotional stress. Changes in GLS and FMD between baseline and post-MBSR were analyzed. RESULTS: After 8 weeks of programmed MBSR treatment, stress parameters were significantly decreased. In addition, GLS (−19.5 ± 2.1% vs. −16.6 ± 2.5%, p < 0.001) and reactive FMD significantly improved (8.9 ± 3.0% vs. 6.9 ± 2.6%, p = 0.005) after MBSR compared to baseline. The changes in GLS correlated to changes in FMD (r = 0.120, p = 0.340) and with the changes in most stress parameters. CONCLUSION: MBSR has beneficial impacts on myocardial and endothelial function in female patients with microvascular angina.
Checklist ; Dilatation ; Female* ; Humans ; Meditation ; Microvascular Angina* ; Mindfulness* ; Stress, Psychological

Background and Objective: Mindfulness-based interventions (MBI), a novel treatment, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), the standard treatment, are both effective in treating anxiety in adolescents. This study determined the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions versus cognitive behavioral therapy in reducing symptoms of anxiety among adolescents experiencing social anxiety through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: A systematic approach was used to identify eligible studies. Electronic databases, reference lists of relevant articles, and gray literature were searched. Data was analyzed using RevMan to calculate standard mean differences with 95% confidence intervals and subgroups. Heterogeneity was measured using visual assessment, the I2 statistic, and chi-square test. Results: Randomized controlled trials comparing MBI to CBT for adolescents diagnosed with social anxiety or social phobia disorder were analyzed, with non-randomized studies being excluded. Structured searches in electronic databases, reference lists, and gray literature were conducted by four independent reviewers who initially identified potential articles through title and abstract screening. After a comprehensive review of full-text articles and a consensus-building process, the selection of included articles was finalized. Data was analyzed using RevMan to calculate standard mean differences with 95% confidence intervals and to examine subgroups, with heterogeneity being assessed through visual evaluation, the I² statistic, and chi-square tests. Total number of participants was 255; 101 were male and 158 were women. Mean age was 27.5 years old, and diagnosed with Social Anxiety Disorder, Social Phobia, or DSM-IV-Defined-Anxiety-Disorder. They were divided into two groups: 125 participated in 8- to 12-week MBI sessions lasting 2 hours each, while 130 underwent 2-hour CBT sessions spanning 8, 12, or 14 weeks. There is moderate quality of evidence reporting non-significant difference on MBI vs CBT's effectiveness in alleviating symptoms of social anxiety [mean (95% CI) = -0.04 (-0.58, 0.51)]. Conclusion Study found that there were no significant differences between Mindfulness-Based Interventions and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in reducing social anxiety in adolescents. Mindfulness interventions have advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness for reducing symptoms of anxiety. Future research should include larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods to further assess long-term effects of these interventions.
Adolescent ; Mindfulness ; Anxiety ; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ; Occupational Therapy

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the status quo of postoperative mindfulness level in patients with oral and maxillofacial malignant tumors, to analyze its influencing factors, and to provide targeted support for the patients, in order to provide evidence for clinical support. METHODS: A total of 452 patients with oral and maxillofacial malignant tumor who were admitted to the Peking University School of Stomatology from January 2021 to June 2021 were followed up by convenience sampling method, the general information questionnaire, the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, the 10-item perceived stress scale, and the self-esteem scale were used. The t test and analysis of variance were used to compare the scores of mindfulness of the patients with different demographic characteristics after oral and maxillofacial malignant tumors, and the differences of mindfulness levels between the patients with oral and maxillofacial malignant tumors and the normal population were compared by the Z test, Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the scores of mindfulness and perceived stress and self-esteem. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of mindfulness levels. RESULTS: A total of 439 valid questionnaires were collected. The average score of postoperative mindfulness of the patients with oral and maxillofacial malignant tumor was 120.28±13.86. The scores of each dimension from high to low were as follows: act with awareness, non-judging, describing, observing, and non-reacting. Compared with the normal population, the patients with oral and maxillofacial malignant tumor showed significant differences in the total scores and scores of various dimensions after surgery. The t test and ANOVA showed that different duration of disease, age, residence, education, marital status, per capita monthly income, occupation, and medical payment methods had influences on postoperative mindfulness level of the patients with oral and maxillofacial malignant tumor (P < 0.10). Spearman correlation analysis showed that the level of mindfulness was negatively correlated with the level of perceived stress, and positively correlated with the level of self-esteem. The duration of illness, marital status, stress perception and self-esteem were included in the regression equation, suggesting that postoperative mindfulness levels of the patients with oral and maxillofacial malignant tumor had an important effect. CONCLUSION Patients with oral and maxillofacial malignant tumors have low postoperative mindfulness, which is related to duration of disease, marital status, and the level of perceived stress. Medical staff should identify this group as soon as possible, provide effective psychological intervention, help to improve the level of mindfulness, and strive to improve the patients'mental health.
Humans ; Linear Models ; Mindfulness/methods* ; Neoplasms ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Universities

OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether a 4-week group-based mindfulness intervention would be superior in reducing psychological distress in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients compared to a psychoeducation and cognitive behavioural skills learning support active control group. METHODS: Patients with CRC were randomized via Computerised Permuted Block Randomisation to mindfulness or active control groups (2-h weekly sessions over 4 weeks). Outcomes were measured pre-intervention, and 8 weeks and 6 months post-baseline. The primary outcome was psychological distress measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Secondary outcomes were generic quality of life (QoL), disease specific QoL, mindfulness, and intervention credibility and acceptability. RESULTS: Sixty-eight participants were randomized to mindfulness (n=35) or active control group (n=33). Uptake of potentially eligible patients consenting was low (28.0%) and the dropout rate was 33.8%. Depression scores were reduced in both groups at week 8 (P=0.020). Control participants had greater improvement in generic mental QoL scores at week 8 than mindfulness (P=0.023). In disease specific QoL, there was reduction in impotence symptom in the mindfulness group (P=0.022) and reduction in faecal incontinence in the control group (P=0.019). The embarrassment symptom had a significantly lower increase in the mindfulness group at week 8 compared to the control group (P=0.009). Both groups rated the treatments as credible and acceptable. CONCLUSIONS Mindfulness was not superior to the active control group in terms of alleviating psychological distress but both treatments were associated with some improvements in depression. There was low uptake of both interventions. (Trial registration number: ACTRN12616001033437).
Male ; Humans ; Quality of Life ; Mindfulness ; Colorectal Neoplasms/therapy*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine a Korean Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (K-MBSR) program for middle aged women and to verify the program's effectiveness on stress, stress coping style, depression, anger and sleep. METHODS: Fifty-two women aged from 40 to 59 (26 in the experimental group and 26 in the control group) from G city participated in the study. Data were collected from February 13 to April 3, 2013. The experimental group received 8 sessions, scheduled once a week, with each session lasting two and a half hours. Outcome variables included stress, stress coping style, depression, anger, sleep and a physiological measure (EEG). RESULTS: There were significant decreases for stress (t= - 2.14, p=.037), depression (t= - 2.64, p=.011), state trait anger (t= - 3.79, p<.001) in the experimental group compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: The findings in this study indicate that the K-MBSR program is an effective program to decrease stress, depression, and state trait anger in middle aged women.
Anger* ; Depression* ; Female ; Humans ; Meditation ; Middle Aged* ; Mindfulness