Objective To explore and analyze the pathogen proifle and risk factors of infected diabetic foot ulcers, and propose appropriate prevention and intervention measures for early recovery of patients.Methods The data of 120 patients with diabetic foot ulcers treated in our hospital from February 2012 to May 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. These patients were classified into infection group (38 patients) and non-infection group (82 patients) based on whether their ulcer was infected or not. The pathogens and risk factors of infection in diabetic foot ulcer were analyzed.Results In this study, 43 strains of pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 38 cases of infection, of which gram positive bacteria accounted for 51.2 %, gram negative bacteria 41.9 %, and fungi 7.0 %.Staphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter cloacae were the top three pathogens, accounting for 16.3 % each. Univariate analysis showed that diabetic vascular complication, retinopathy, more than 2 foci of ulcer, osteomyelitis, and diabetic nephropathy were closely associated with infection (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that HDL-C, albumin, diabetic vascular complication, number of ulcers, osteomyelitis were independent risk factors for infection in patients with diabetic foot ulcer. Conclusions HDL-C, red blood cell, hemoglobin, diabetic complications, white blood cell, triglyceride, albumin, diabetic vascular complication and smoking are the risk factors for infection in patients with diabetic foot ulcer. These factors should be prevented and controlled to reduce the incidence of infection in diabetic foot ulcer.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the expression profile of serum micro (mi)RNAs in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and investigate the regulatory contribution of miRNAs to the invasive and metastasis.

METHODSMicroarray analysis was carried out using serum samples collected from 30 patients with CCA, bile duct cancer tissues and the corresponding normal tissues collected from 10 patients, and serum samples from 50 healthy volunteers. The miRNAs identified as dysregulated in CCA were verified by RT-PCR. Focused analysis on miR-224 was carried out using the human CCA cell lines HCCC-9810 and RBE to investigate the role of this miRNA in IL-6 expression (using IL-6 induction), cell growth, invasiveness and metastasis (using miR-224 mimic transfection). The one-way ANOVA test was used for statistical analysis.

RESULTSForty-three miRNAs were dysregulated in CCA (vs. non-CCA, P<0.01), of which 22 were upregulated and 21 were downregulated. RT-PCR data showed that the miR-224 was significantly upregulated in serum as well as in cancer tissue from CCA patients. Induction of HCCC-9810 and RBE cells with IL-6 showed a time-dependent upregulation of miR-224. Furthermore, the HCCC-9810 and RBE cells transfected with miR-224 mimic showed enhanced cell growth, invasiveness and migratory ability.

CONCLUSIONIL-6 may promote the invasive and metastatic properties of CCA through upregulated miR-224. Studies of the differentially expressed serum miRNAs in CCA may help to further elucidate the pathogenic processes of this disease and aid in the development of a novel and effective therapeutic strategy.

Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; Cholangiocarcinoma ; Down-Regulation ; Humans ; Interleukin-6 ; MicroRNAs ; Microarray Analysis ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Transfection ; Up-Regulation