In recent years,with the development of neuroimaging and the progress in related clinical studies,people have had a better understanding of posterior circulation ischemia.This article reviews the progress in the causes,mechanisms,clinical manifestations,diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of posterior circulation ischemia.

Objective To observe the effects of blocking renin-angiotensin system with losartan or perindopril on renal angiotensinⅡand its type 1 receptor （AT1R） expression in STZ-induced （diabetic） rats. Methods Male SD rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: normal control group （NC） and （diabetic） group. Diabetes was induced by STZ （65 mg/kg） abdominal injection. Four weeks later, diabetic rats were further divided into 4 groups: diabetic rats treated with losartan (DL, 20 mg·kg-1·d-1),diabetic rats treated with perindopril (DP,2 mg·kg-1·d-1) and diabetic untreated control group（DC）. Radioimmunoassay was used to measure plasma and renal angiotensin （Ⅱ.）Expression of AT1R was detected by RT-PCR in each group before and after 12 week′s treatment. Results At the 4th week, renal AT1R expression decreased. At the 16th week, plasma angiotensinⅡ,renal angiotensinⅡand AT1R mRNA in diabetic untreated group were significantly higher than those in normal rats. （Renal） angiotensinⅡand AT1R in losartan or perindopril-treatmented group were significantly lower than those in DC group. Conclusion Intrarenal RAS is abnormal in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Renoprotective effects of losartan and perindopril may partly induced by inhibiting renal angiotensinⅡ and AT1R （expression.）

Female ; Genital Neoplasms, Female ; classification ; pathology ; Humans ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; pathology ; Papillomavirus Infections ; Precancerous Conditions ; pathology ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; pathology ; virology ; World Health Organization

Objective To study the renal protective effect of perindopril in diabetic rats. Methods The following groups of rats were studied: normal control rats ,diabetic control rats and diabetic rats treated with perindopril (2mg?kg -1 ?d -1 ) . After 4 weeks or 12 weeks treatment , alterations of renal ultrastructure were observed in each group, Urinary albumin excretion was observed every 4 weeks.Results Urinary albumin excretion of diabetic rats treated with perindopril were significantly lower than that of diabetic untreated group(P

0.05). The median duration of survival was 11.5 months for TEP gr oup versus 8.5 months for EP group (P0.05,no statistical difference). The main toxicity wa s myelosuppression for the two groups.The incidence rate of Ⅲ～Ⅳ degree neutro p enia and thrombocytopenia was higher in the TEP group than that in the EP group( P

Objective　To observe the effect of losartan on urinary albumin excretion in streptozotocin diabetic rats.Methods　The following groups of rats were studied:normal control rats(NC),diabetic control rats (DC),diabetic rats treated with losartan 〔20mg/(kg*d)〕(DL) and diabetic rats treated with perindopril （2mg/(kg*d)〕(DP).Urinary albumin was observed at the 4th、8th、12th and 16th week.Results　Urinary albumin excretion of diabetic rats treated with losartan or perindopril were significantly lower than that of diabetic untreated group (P＜0.01).The effect was not different between losartan treated and perindopril treated rats.Conclusion　The results suggested that losartan can reduce urinary albumin excretion in diabetic rats.

BACKGROUND: Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (NF-E2-related factor-2) is an important transcription factor to regulate anti-oxidative stress reaction. Some researches indicate that NF-E2-related factor-2 can be phosphorylated by numerous members of protein kinase C family. In order to investigate generant mechanism of microwave radiation on oxidative stress injury, whether microwave radiation can influence on anti-oxidative regulating system through NF-E2-related factor-2 or not should be further studied.OBJ ECTIVE: To analyze the effect of microwave radiation on phosphorylation of NF-E2-related factor-2 and activity of protein kinase C in vascular endothelial cells.DESIGN: Observational-contrast study.SETTING : Department of Labor Hygiene, the Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA.MATERIALS: Vascular endothelial cell strain; H332PO4; Protein-A Sepharose (Sigma Company); mono-antibody of NF-E2-related factor-2 (H-300, Santa Cruz); α-mono-antibody of protein kinase C (Santa Cruz); glass microfiber filters(Whatman Company); gel scanning system (Gel Doc 2000, Bio-Rad); liquid scintillation spectrometer (LKB-117, Sweden).METHODS: The experiment was carried out in Laboratory of Electromagnetic radiation and Biological Effect, Department of Labor Hygiene, the Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA from March to July 2003. ① Analysis of phosphorylation of NF-E2-related factor-2: Vascular endothelial cells were cultured with DMEM medium till the period of productive growth and incubated with 32Pi for 2 hours. And then, cultured bottle was maintained in water bath at 37℃ and performed with microwave radiation in dark chamber, whose reflectivity was about zero. It was regarded as radiation group, and the average power density of radiation was 30 mW/cm2; in addition, the duration of radiation was 30 minutes.Cells did not deal with microwave radiation were regarded as control group. Phosphorylation level of NF-E2-related factor-2 was measured at 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours after radiation with immune coprecipitation-autoradiography technique and dealt with semi-quantitative analysis with gel scanning system. Cells in the control group were analyzed directly. ②Active analysis and expressional measurement of protein kinase C: Cells in the radiation group and the control group were dealt with the same cultured method, condition, radiation styles, dosage and environment as mentioned above. At 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours after radiation, cells were split to extract plasma and membrane protein. Furthermore, activity of protein kinase C was measured with r-32P-ATP labeled liquid scintillation spectrometer; gray value of protein strap was dealt with semi-quantitative analysis with gel scanning system; staining degree of plasma was observed after immunocytochemical staining of protein kinase C. In addition, cells in the control group were measured and observed directly.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Phosphorylation level of NF-E2-related factor-2 in radiation group and control group; ②Results of active analysis and expressional measurement of protein kinase C in radiation group and control group.RESULTS: ① Phosphorylation level of NF-E2-related factor-2 in radiation group and control group: Gray value of NF-E2-related factor-2 was higher in radiation group than that in control group at 2, 4 and 8 hours after radiation.Phosphorylation level of NF-E2-related factor-2 reached the peak at four hours after radiation. In addition, results of semi-quantitative scanning analysis showed that, at 2, 4 and 8 hours after radiation, phosphorylation level of NF-E2-related factor-2 was increased 33%, 261% and 141% in radiation group as compared with that in control group,respectively (t = 2.974, 4.209, 4.047, P ＜ 0.05), and then, fallen down to normal value 24 hours later. ② Results of active analysis and expressional measurement of protein kinase C in radiation group and control group: At 2, 4 and 8 hours after microwave radiation, expression of protein kinase C in radiation group was higher than that in control group,especially at the 4 hour. In addition, at 24 hours after radiation, expression of protein kinase C recovered the normal value. Results of immunocytochemical staining showed that staining of plasma was deeper in radiation group than that in control group at 4 hours after radiation. Moreover, results of r-32P-ATP labeled liquid scintillation spectrometer also suggested that, at 2, 4 and 8 hours after radiation, activity of protein kinase C was increased 36%, 93% and 47% in radiation group as compared with that in control group, respectively (t =2.801, 3.654, 3.035, P ＜ 0.05). And then, activity of protein kinase C was decreased after 24 hours, otherwise, activity of protein kinase C reached the peak at 4 hours after radiation.CONCLUSION: Microwave radiation can strengthen the phosphorylation level of NF-E2-related factor-2 in vascular endothelial cells during a special period; meanwhile, it can also cause the increase of expression of protein kinase C.Time effect of activity of protein kinase C is coincidence with phosphorylation level of NF-E2-related factor-2.

Objective To investigate the risk factors for cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) and its correlation with the 24 h microalbuminuria (mALB) in patients with small artery occlusion (SAO).Methods The patients with SAO were enrolled.CMBs were detected with susceptibility-weighted imaging.The demographic and clinical characteristics and 24 h mALB of the patients were compared.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent risk factors for CMB in patients with SAO.Spearman correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlation between the 24 h mALB and the degree of CMBs.Results A total of 90 patients with SAO were enrolled and 35 patients (38.89％) had CMBs.CMBs mainly distributed in basal ganglia/thalamus and infratentorial (62％) regions.The Age (70.8 ± 5.4 vs.67.3 ± 8.1; t =2.461,P =0.016),proportion of hypertension (80.0％ vs.52.7％ ;x2 =6.851,P =0.009),and 24 h mALB levels (16.257 ± 6.031 mg/24 h vs.11.910 ±5.458 mg/24 h; t =3.536,P =0.001) in the CBM group were significantly higher than those in the non-CMB group.Spearman rank correlation analysis showed that the 24 h mALB and the severity of CMB in patients with SAO showed a significant positive correlation (rs =0.795,P =0.000).The higher the 24 h mALB level was,the more severe the CMB degree would be.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that only 24 h mALB was the only independent risk factor for CMBs in patients with SAO (odds ratio,1.100,95％ confidence interval 1.031-1.176; P =0.002).Conclusions The 24 h mALB is an independent risk factor for CMB in patients with SAO.The 24 h mALB level is positively correlated with the severity of CMB,and it may be used as a marker for small vascular injury.

Adult ; Biomarkers ; blood ; Blood Proteins ; metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Silicosis ; blood

Diverticulum ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed