Objective To observe the effects of A2a adenosine receptor antagonist SCH442416 and ZM241385 on the expression of glutamine synthetase(GS) and L-Glutamate/L-Aspartate Transporter(GLAST) in rat retina under chronic ocular hypertension model.Methods Rat chronic ocular hypertension models were induced in the right eye of 12 male Sprague Dawley rats by blocking three episcleral veins,the left eye as control one.Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured and compared at postoperative 1 week,2 weeks and 3 weeks.54 male chronic ocular hypertension rats were divided into 3 groups randomly,topically applying A2a adenosine receptor antagonist SCH442416,ZM241385 and carrier,respectively,three times a day for three weeks.At three weeks,mRNA and protein expression of GS and GLAST in rat retina were analyzed by RealTime-PCR and Western-blot.Results The average IOP of the modeling eyes at postoperative 1 week,2 weeks and 3 weeks were higher than that of the control eyes (all P ＜ 0.05).The mRNA and protein expression of GS and GLAST in the retina of SCH442416 and ZM241385 groups increased significantly compared to the carrier group (all P ＜ 0.05).However,the differences of mRNA and protein expression of GS and GLAST between SCH442416 and ZM241385 groups was not significant(all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Rat chronic ocular hypertension model can be induced by blocking three episceral veins successfully and effectively.A2a adenosine receptor antagonist SCH442416 and ZM241385 increase the expression of GS and GLAST.There seems no difference between the effects of these two drugs.

Adolescent ; Age Factors ; Anti-Anxiety Agents ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infusions, Intravenous ; Male ; Midazolam ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Status Epilepticus ; drug therapy ; Treatment Outcome

Codon ; Computational Biology ; methods ; Evolution, Molecular ; Influenza A virus ; classification ; genetics ; Influenza Vaccines ; immunology ; Molecular Biology ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Viral ; chemistry ; Viral Proteins ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo explore the effect of reduction and fixation with multi-Kirschner wires for treatment of Lisfranc fracture-dislocations.

METHODSThere were 49 patients (37 male and 12 female aged from 20 to 28 years old) involved in the study. According to the Myserson damage typing, type A in 12 cases, B1 in 3, B2 in 28, C1 in 4 and C2 in 2. Kirschner wires were applied to fix and reconstruct the three-column in three directions according to the structural characteristic of midfoot. Reconstruction of three-column needed not only to reduce and to fix every single column, but also to establish union of the columns.

RESULTSAccording to the evaluation of AOFAS for midfoot, 14 cases were excellent (90 to100), 22 cases good (80 to 89), 8 cases fair (70 to 79) and 5 cases poor (60 to 69), with an average score of 84.200+/-9.663.

CONCLUSIONThe diagnosis and treatment of Lisfranc fracture-dislocations should comply with the theory of three-column reconstruction of foot arch, which can achieve the static balance of biomechanics and provide a stable environment for healing of fracture and soft tissue. Reduction and fixation with multi-Kirschner wires is an effective treatment method for Lisfranc fracture-dislocations.

Adult ; Bone Wires ; Female ; Fracture Fixation ; methods ; Fractures, Bone ; surgery ; Humans ; Joint Dislocations ; surgery ; Joints ; injuries ; Male ; Metatarsal Bones ; injuries ; Middle Aged ; Tarsal Bones ; injuries

Objective To discuss the frequent etiology of spontaneous sub-cortical hemorrhage and its diag- nosis.Methods The clinical materials of 79 cases of spontaneous sub-cortical hemorrhage were analyzed.Results 56% of the hemorrhage was caused by arterial-venous malformation.48% of the hemorrhage was caused by occult AVM.Conclusion AVM is the most frequent etiology of spontaneous sub-cortical hemorrhage.CTA plays a special role in its diagnosis.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of dopamine-1 receptor in the modulation of basic respiration rhythm.

METHODSNewborn SD rat (0-3 days, n=20) brain stem slices containing the medial region of the nucleus retrofacialis (mNRF) were prepared with the hypoglossal nerve roots retained. The respiratory rhythmical discharge activity (RRDA) of the hypoglossal nerve was recorded using suction electrodes on these preparations, and the effects of dopamine-1 receptor on RRDA were investigated by application of the specific agonist of dopamine-1 receptor A68930 at different concentrations (0, 1, 2, and 5 micromol/L) in the perfusion solution.

RESULTSThe respiratory cycles (RC) and the expiratory time (TE) decreased progressively with gradual increment of the integrated amplitude (IA) after A68930 administration, and their changes were the most conspicuous at 5 min after the administration. A68930 at the concentrations of 2 and 5 micromol/L resulted in the most obvious changes in RC, TE, and IA (P<0.05), but IA exhibited no significant variation at 1 min after perfusion with 2 micromol/L A68930 (P>0.05). RC and TE were gradually shortened after treatment with increasing concentrations of A68930, which also caused gradual increment of IA, and at the concentration of 5 micromol/L, RC, TE, and IA all showed the most obvious changes (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONSDopamine-1 receptor plays a role in the modulation of RRDA in isolated neonatal rat brainstem slice. A68930 may increase the frequency of respiration by shortening TE and enhance the respiratory activity by increasing the amplitude of inspiratory discharge of the respiratory neurons.

Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Cell Separation ; Chromans ; pharmacology ; Dopamine Agonists ; pharmacology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Medulla Oblongata ; cytology ; physiology ; Neurons ; cytology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Dopamine ; physiology ; Respiration ; drug effects

Objective To investiagte the serum adiponectin concentration in preeclampsia and its relationship with serum leptin and soluble leptin receptor levels.Method The level of adiponectin,leptin and soluble leptin receptor in serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)in 38 patients with preeclampsia and 42 patients as control.The relationship of free leptin index(leptin/soluble leptin receptor) to preeclampsia was analyzed.Results There were no significant differences in maternal age,gestational age and body mass index(BMI)between two groups.But the gestational age and birth weight were significantly lower in preeclampsia than in control.The patients with preeclampsia had significantly higher levels of serum adiponectin, leptin and free leptin index(1691.7?g/ml,37.5 ng/ml and 0.95 respectively)than the control(689.4?g/ml, 19.3 ag/ml and 0.49,respectively).But there was no significant difference in serum level of soluble leptin receptor between the groups(35.0 ng/ml vs 42.2 ng/ml).Serum adiponectin was not significantly correlated with the level of leptin,soluble leptin receptor and free leptin index.Area of serum adiponectin,leptin and free leptin index in preeclampsia under the ROC curve were less than 0.5.Conclusions The patients with preeclampsia have paradoxical higher serum levels of adiponecfin and more bioavailability of leptin,suggesting these may be important factom of this complication.

OBJECTIVETo understand the status of standard medication of antiretroviral therapy and identify its correlationship with preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT).

METHODSQualitative and quantitative methods for measuring of standard medication towards antiretroviral therapy of PMTCT were used in a cross-sectional study of 167 pregnant women who had accessed to PMTCT services and 57 physicians providing service from January 2005 to June 2007 in 5 HIV epidemic counties in Yunnan province.

RESULTSA total of 167 mothers were recruited, of which 65.87% (110/167) demonstrated for standard medication. The percentage of rational selection of antivirus-therapy regimen was 88.02% (147/167). HIV positive mothers with rational using medicine during labor covered 81.37% (131/161). 87.42% (146/167) of women demonstrated good compliance. The main correlations with the standard medication level of HIV positive pregnant women and their infants were as follows: diagnose time (OR = 2.617; 95% CI: 1.184 - 5.783), place of delivery (OR = 0.064; 95% CI: 0.007 - 0.607), minorities (OR = 0.344; 95% CI: 0.162 - 0.730), understanding of HIV women for antiretroviral therapy (OR = 6.843; 95% CI: 1.449 - 32.312), and doctors' cognition about the regimen for antiretroviral therapy was not enough; 5 key knowledge points (purpose of PMTCT, the consequence of not requiring standard medication, the effect of knowing regimens, the relationship of CD4 levels and selected regimens, the side effect of the relevant medicine) score rate was 47.72% (136/285).

CONCLUSIONThe proportions of standard medication in PMTCT antiretroviral therapy were not high. Standard medication might be associated with multiple factors from doctors, patients and society. It is necessary to make some steps to improve standard medication of antiretroviral therapy in PMTCT.

Anti-HIV Agents ; therapeutic use ; China ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; HIV Infections ; drug therapy ; prevention & control ; transmission ; Humans ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; prevention & control ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious ; drug therapy

OBJECTIVE: To observe whether HSP70 could protect against H2O2-induced apoptosis in C2C12 myogenic cells by inhibiting Smac release from the mitochondria. METHODS: HSP70 gene and full length Smac gene was transiently transfected in C2C12 myogenic cells by lipofectamine and the protein levels of HSP70 and Smac were analysed by Western blotting. Hoechst 33 258 staining was used to examine cell morphological changes and to calculate percentage of apoptotic nuclei. DNA ladder pattern on agarose gel electrophoresis was used to observe the DNA fragmentation. Activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9 were assayed with Western blotting. The release of Smac from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm was observed by immunofluorescence. RESULTS: H2O2 ( 0.5 mmol/L ) activated caspase-3, caspase-9 8 h after the treatment and specific morphological changes of apoptosis 12 h after the treatment, and overexpression of Smac significantly promoted H2O2-induced activation of caspase-3, caspase-9 and apoptosis in C2C12 myogenic cells. HSP70 overexpression significantly inhibited H2O2-induced and Smac-promoted apoptosis, as shown by no specific DNA ladder pattern in agarose gel electrophoresis, decrease of percentage of apoptotic nuclei, and marked inactivation of caspase-3 and caspase-9. HSP70 could inhibit the release of Smac from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm 2 h after the treatment by H2O2. CONCLUSION HSP70 inhibits Smac release from the mitochondria and protects against H2O2-induced apoptosis in C2C12 myogenic cells.
Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins ; Cells, Cultured ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; metabolism ; Mitochondria, Heart ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Mitochondrial Proteins ; antagonists & inhibitors ; metabolism ; Myoblasts ; metabolism ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; drug effects ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of Tongluo Xingnao effervescent tablets on learning and memory capacity and expression of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase in hippocampus of rats with chronic cerebral ischemia-induced learning and memory dysfunction model.

METHODThe 2-VO method was used to establish sd rat model learning and memory dysfunction induced by chronic cerebral ischemia. The 50 rats in the successfully established model were randomly divided into the model control group, the Dihydroergotoxine Mesylate tablets group (0.7 mg x kg(-1), Tongluo Xingnao effervescent tablets high dose (7.56 g x kg(-1)), middle dose (3.78 g x kg(-1)) and low dose (1.59 g x kg(-1)) groups and the sham operation group (n = 10) as the control group. The groups were orally given 10 ml x kg(-1) x d(-1) drugs for consecutively 90 days. On the 86th day, Morris water maze was adopted for them. On the 90th day, a leaning and memory capacity test was held. The brain tissues were fixed with 10% formaldehyde and observed for pathomorphism after routine slide preparation and staining. The expression of hippocampal Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase was detected with immunohistochemistry and image quantitative analysis.

RESULTCompared with the model group, all of Tongluo Xingnao effervescent tablets groups showed significant decrease in the escape latency at the 5th day in the Morris water maze, and notable increase in the frequency of the first quadrant dwell, the frequency passing the escape platform and the frequency entering effective area (p < 0.05). According to the pathomorphological detection, the control group showed a significantly higher pathological score than the sham operation group (p < 0.01), the middle dose group showed a significantly lower pathological score than the model group (p < 0.05). According to the immunohistochemistical detection, the model control group showed a remarkably lower mean OD value of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase than the sham operation group (p < 0.05), high and middle dose groups showed a significantly higher mean od value than the model control group (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONTongluo Xingnao effervescent tablets can improve the learning and memory capacity, reduce pathological changes of hippocampal tissues of rats with chronic cerebral ischemia-induced learning and memory dysfunction model, and promote the expression of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase in hippocampus.

Animals ; Brain Ischemia ; drug therapy ; enzymology ; genetics ; psychology ; Chronic Disease ; drug therapy ; psychology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Female ; Hippocampus ; drug effects ; enzymology ; Humans ; Learning ; drug effects ; Male ; Memory ; drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Tablets ; administration & dosage