To study the data of the trade of the ginseng products in the UN COMTRADE database and analyze the overall situation of the international trade of the ginseng products. China, South Korea, Canada, and the United States are not only the market for the production of ginseng products, but also the main consumer markets for Ginseng products. Hong Kong, China is dominated by entrepot trade and is an important consumer market for ginseng products as well. The four countries mentioned above and Hong Kong, China, play a decisive role in the international trade of ginseng products. Using trade specialization coefficient (TSC), international market share (IMS), revealed comparative advantage (RCA), and competitive advantage (CA), the trade status of the Ginseng products in the four countries from 2007 to 2015 was studied, and the situation of its trade competitiveness was analyzed. The results showed that the average values of three indicators of international trade competitiveness of Canada were ranked the first with the absolute superiority except the mean value of TSC, which was slightly lower than that of South Korea. The average of TSC indicators of South Korea was ranked first, the means of RCA and CA were ranked the second in the world. As for China, the three indexes were all ranked the third except for IMS, ranked the second. However, the four indicators in the United States were all ranked in the last place.

One hundred Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing-related genes were selected and their primers were synthesized. The fragments of specific sequences which are related QS genes were amplified by PCR. These verified sequences were inserted into the vector pMD-18T for sequencing. These DNA fragments were dotted onto glass slides to make cDNA microarray. Hybridization was performed with cy3/cy5-dCTP labeled probes. The scanning data of early stationary phase and mid-logarithmic phase indicated that 9 genes were up-regulated and 6 genes were down-regulated. Undergoing the different medicines,we took tobramycin as an example to compare the expression diversity. The results confirm that the QS cDNA chip is useful,and may contribute to better understand the mechanism of quorum-sensing,and can help us find the new targets for restraining the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Objective To explore the changes of interleukin-10(IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta 1(TGF-?1)in 26 children with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia(MPP).Methods Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used to detect the levels of IL-10 and TGF-?1 in the serum of 12 healthy children as normal controls and 26 patients of acute stage as acute stage MPP group,9 of acute stage MPP group in recovery stage as recovery stage MPP group.The levels of IL-10 and TGF-?1 were compared between the three groups.Results IL-10 level in acute stage MPP group was significantly lower than that in normal controls(P

OBJECTIVETo explore the correlation between the content of the secondary metabolites and the anti-bacterial activity of Sargentodoxa cuneata tables.

METHODSThe content of secondary metabolies was determined by spectrometers. Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were used as the experimental strains. The minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) was calculated using agar plate dilution method on Kirby-Bauer disk. The minimal bacterialcidal concentration (MBC) was calculated using tube dilution method. Two-way analysis and Turkey's test was employed in the statistical analysis.

RESULTThe anti-bacterial activities on Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis of the first batch of S. cuneata tables produced in Anhui was the highest [the diameter of anti-bacterial zone, MIC, MBC was (9.67 +/-0.29) mm, 12.5 mg/ml, 31.25 mg/ml and (10.17 +/-0.58) mm, 12.5 mg/ml, 31.25 mg/ml, respectively]. Those of the second batch of S. cuneata tables produced in Jiangsu was the lowest [the diameter of anti-bacterial zone, MIC, MBC was (7.67 +/-0.29)mm, 25 mg/ml, 125 mg/ml and (8.17 +/-0.29)mm, 25 mg/ml, 125 mg/ml, respectively]. There was significant difference in the antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus between different producing areas of S. cuneata tables and batches (P<0.01), while there was also significant difference in the antibacterial activity on Bacillus subtilis between different producing areas (P<0.01) and no significant difference between different batches (P>0.05). The contents of 6 secondary metabolites of S. cuneata tables produced in different areas and in different batches were different. The total content of 6 secondary metabolites of the first batch of S. cuneata tables produced in Anhui was the highest with mean 3.61%. Those of the second batch produced in Jiangsu were the lowest with mean 1.90 %. There was significant difference in the content of total alkaloid and dissociated emodin between different producing areas (P<0.01) and no difference between different batches (P>0.05). For the content of total chlorogenic acid, flavonoids, total tannin and total saponin, there was significant difference between different producing areas and batches (P<0.01). The correlation analysis showed that the main secondary metabolites influencing the anti-bacterial activity were total saponin, total tannin, dissociated emodin and total chlorogenic acid.

CONCLUSIONThere is difference among the content of the secondary metabolites and anti-bacterial activity of S. cuneata tables produced in different areas and different batches. There is significant correlation of the anti-bacterial activity with the content of total saponin, total tannin, dissociated emodin and total chlorogenic acid in S. cuneata tables.

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Bacillus subtilis ; drug effects ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Emodin ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Ranunculaceae ; chemistry ; Saponins ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Staphylococcus aureus ; drug effects ; Tablets ; Tannins ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology

Adenoma ; diagnosis ; Child ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Hypothyroidism ; pathology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Pituitary Gland ; pathology ; Pituitary Neoplasms ; diagnosis

Background Placement of an orbital implant is a main way to prevent orbital atrophy with aging.But its mechanism is under clear.Researchs showed that bone growth factors play important role during the development and repair of bone,especially transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1).Objective Present study was to investigate the expression of TGF-β1 protein in orbital bone after enucleation or enucleation with placement of an orbital implant and its function in the mechanisms of preventing and treating the orbital malformed development after enucleation with placement of an orbital implant.Methods Twenty-one age- and weight-matched New Zealand white young rabbits were randomly divided into the enucleation,implant and control groups,and each group including seven rabbits.Eyeball nucleation surgery was performed in the left eyes of 7 1-month-old rabbits,and a spherical orbital implant was inserted after enucleation of the left in matched rabbits in implant group.The left eye of normal rabbits served as controls.The rabbits were sacrificed in 1 month after surgery.The expression of TGF-β1 protein in the left orbital bone was detected using enzyme immunoassay and FITC labelling immunoassay technique in the sections of zygomatic bones.The content of TGF-β1 protein in the left orbital bone tissue was measured by ELISA method.This use of animals complied with the Regulations for the Administration of Affair Concerning Experimental Animals by State Science and Technology Commission.Results The height and width of orbital in enucleation group were significantly lower than those of implant and normal control groups(height:P=0.00,P=0.00;width:P =0.00,P=0.00).The positive bone cells of both enzyme immunoassay and FITC staining were increased in the implant and control groups in comparison with enucleation group,but the positive response intensity for TGF-β1 was resembled between implant group and control group.ELISA result revealed that the content of TGF-β1 protein in bone tissue was significantly lower in the enucleation group than in implant and control groups(P=0.00,P=0.00).The expression and content of TGF-β1 protein in bone tissue is similar between the implant group and the control group(P=0.41). Conclusion The experiment results indicate that TGF-β1 protein participate in the orbital development.TGF-β1 played important role in the prevention and treatment of enucleation-induced orbital malformation in the eye with placement of an orbital implant.

BACKGROUNDPeripheral artery disease accounts for more than 400 000 hospitalizations in the USA and results in symptoms ranging from claudication to gangrene. Recent advances in endovascular techniques have led to a more aggressive approach for treating peripheral artery disease. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the outcomes of endovascular interventions on TransAtlantic InterSociety Consensus (TASC) II C and D femoropopliteal occlusive disease.

METHODSData for all patients undergoing endovascular interventions for femoropopliteal occlusive disease from December 2007 through December 2010 were reviewed. Demographic data, risk factor data, preprocedural and postprocedural ankle-brachial indices, technical success rates, and complication rates were obtained. Primary, assisted primary, and secondary patency were determined by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors adversely affecting primary patency.

RESULTSThe study group included 52 TASC II C and 106 TASC II D limbs in 126 patients (mean age, (68.0 ± 18.0) years). The technical success rate was 91.1%. Complications occurred in 19 limbs (12.0%), including 8 (5.1%) major complications. The mean follow-up period was (17.6 ± 5.1) months (range, 12.0 - 48.0 months). Primary patency rates at 1, 2, 3, and 4 years were 95%, 78%, 74%, and 74% in TASC II C lesions and 89%, 62%, 52%, and 52% in TASC II D lesions, respectively. Secondary patency rates at 1, 2, 3, and 4 years were 97%, 94%, 94%, and 94% in TASC II C lesions and 97%, 95%, 83%, and 83% in TASC II D lesions, respectively. It is significantly different between primary patency rates (P < 0.05) but not secondary patency rates of TASC II C and D groups (P > 0.05). Predictors of restenosis/occlusion included hyperlipidemia, lesion length, and popliteal artery involvement.

CONCLUSIONSEndovascular treatment of TASC II C and D femoropopliteal artery occlusion has a high technical success rate with favorable mid-term secondary patency rate. Hyperlipidemia, lesion length, and popliteal artery involvement were independent risk factors for in-stent restenosis.

Arterial Occlusive Diseases ; surgery ; Endovascular Procedures ; methods ; Female ; Femoral Artery ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Popliteal Artery ; surgery ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVEThe purpose of this study was to assess the prevention and management of subintimal angioplasty (SIA) to treat lower extremity arterial occlusions.

METHODSFrom December 2003 to May 2008, 106 lower extremities with arterial occlusions (median length of 10.8 cm, range from 4.5 to 28.0 cm) were treated on an intention-to-treat basis with SIA. Twenty-one lower extremities had disabling claudication and 85 had limb-threatening ischemia. Main outcome measures included the occurrences of SIA complications and their prevention and management. In order to prevent and cure perforation of a vessel and the important collaterals being compromised, the recanalisation of SIA was performed in the "roadmap" of DSA, the guide wire was advanced with top loop through the subintimal plane until the occlusion was passed, the position of the catheter which was confirmed by injection of a small amount of contrast media during the manipulations. In order to prevent and cure acute reocclusion and embolisation, subintimal angioplasty of long occlusion was performed by long suitable diameter balloon catheters, with prolonged (2 to 3 min) inflation, stents were only placed with residual stenoses and intimal flaps. Anticoagulation was administered for 3 to 5 d and then antiplatelet treatment was given for 6 months.

RESULTSThe subcutaneous light gore of arterial access sites was seen in five legs, no arterial embolisation occurred. The perforation rate was 6% (7 legs), but no serious outcomes occurred. One patient had been amputated because of important collaterals being compromised. Three legs had acute occlusion in subintimal recanalisation and one patient converted what would have been an above-knee bypass, into a below-knee bypass.

CONCLUSIONSThe complications of subintimal angioplasty include perforation, embolisation, acute recanalisation occlusion and important collaterals being compromised. Most of these complications can be prevented and cured, few serious outcomes occur.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Angioplasty, Balloon ; adverse effects ; methods ; Arteriosclerosis ; surgery ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Lower Extremity ; blood supply ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications ; prevention & control ; therapy

OBJECTIVETo report the clinical, genetic, and molecular characterization of two Chinese families with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON).

METHODSOphthalmological examinations showed that only probands in two families exhibited visual loss at the age of 10 and 17 years respectively. The entire mitochondrial genome of two probands was PCR amplified in 24 overlapping fragments using sets of oligonucleotide primers.

RESULTSMutational analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in these pedigrees revealed the absence of three common LHON associated G11778A, G3460A and T144484 mutations but the presence of homoplastic LHON associated ND4 G11696A mutation, which was present in one out of 167 Chinese healthy controls.

CONCLUSIONSequence analysis of the complete mitochondrial genomes in two pedigrees showed the distinct sets of mtDNA polymorphisms, belonging to Eastern Asian haplogroup D4. The incomplete penetrance of visual loss and the presence of one in 167 controls suggested that this mutation itself is insufficient to produce a clinical phenotype and other modifier factors play a role in the phenotypic manifestation. The lack of functional mtDNA variants in these pedigrees ruled out the role of mitochondrial background in the phenotypic expression of visual loss. Therefore, nuclear modifier gene(s) or environmental factor(s) may play a role in the phenotypic expression of the LHON-associated G11696A mutation in two Chinese pedigrees.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; Base Sequence ; Child ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; genetics ; Family ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mutation ; Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber ; genetics ; Pedigree ; Phenotype

OBJECTIVETo study the curative effects of pirfenidone (PF) on pulmonary fibrosis induced by paraquat (PQ) in mice and to provide the theoretical basis for clinical treatment.

METHODSNinety adult healthy male ICR mice were randomly divided into six groups: control group, PQ group, 2 mg/kg Dexamethasone group, 25 mg/kg PF group, 50 mg/kg PF group and 100 mg/kg PF group, there were 15 mice in each group. The corresponding volume of normal saline was given to the each mouse in control group according to the weight, after 2 h 0.1% CMC was given to the each mouse of control group one time by intragastric administration, then the CMC was administrated at regular time until sacrifice. All mice for other 5 groups were exposed to 100 mg/kg PQ by intragastric administration. At 2 h after exposure to PQ, 0.02 ml/10 g dexamethasone and 25, 50, 100 mg/kg PF were given to mice for dexamethasone group and for 3 PF groups by intragastric administration each day for 49 days, respectively. The lung coefficient was calculated and pathological changes of lung tissue were observed by HE staining for each mouse. The hydroxyproline (HYP) level in lung tissue was measured for each mouse. The mRNA level of and the protein level of TGF-β(1) in lung tissue for each mouse were determined, and the protein level of TGF-β(1) in the bronchus-alveolus lavage fluid (BALF) of each mouse was detected.

RESULTSThe survival rates on the 3rd day in PQ group, 3 PF groups and dexamethasone group were 53.33%, 46.67%, 73.33%, 86.67% and 80%, respectively. The survival rates on the 3rd day in dexamethasone group, 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg PF groups were significantly higher than those of PQ group and 25 mg/kg PF group (P < 0.05). The lung coefficients of 3 PF groups were significantly lower than that of the PQ group (P < 0.05). The lung tissue HYP levels of dexamethasone group and 3 PF groups were 50.95 ± 11.65, 44.52 ± 9.48, 43.27 ± 6.01 and 40.82 ± 5.90 mg/g respectively, which were significantly lower than that (74.27 ± 3.68) of PQ group (P < 0.01). The TGF-β(1) protein levels of BALF in dexamethasone group, 50 and 100 mg/kg PF groups were 22.03 ± 7.27, 27.75 ± 5.84 and 21.31 ± 6.82 ng/ml respectively, which were significantly lower than that (52.52 ± 15.51) ng/ml of PQ group (P < 0.01) The expression level of TGF-β(1) mRNA in 100 mg/kg PF group decreased significantly, as compared with PQ group (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONPF could reduce the collagen deposition and pulmonary fibrosis induced by PQ in mice lungs.

Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Lung ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Paraquat ; poisoning ; Pulmonary Fibrosis ; chemically induced ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Pyridones ; therapeutic use ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; metabolism