Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is known as considerable controversal tumor about it's histogenesis, differentiation and biologic behavior. It is traditionally regarded as smooth muscle tumor. To evaluate and clarify the origin of tumor, we performed immunohistochemical study of 23 cases of GIST on CD34 antigen, alpha-smooth muscle actin, S-100 protein, and compared the result with 4 cases of typical leiomyoma of GI tract. The results were as follows. CD34 antigen expression was noted in 21 cases (91.3%) of GIST, while typical leiomyoma was all negative. There were no difference of CD34 expression according to the biologic behavior. However, it's staining pattern was significantly different (p<0.05). Focal or multifocal expression was dominant in benign GIST (58.3%), while diffuse expression was dominant in malignant GIST (80%). Actin was expressed in 5 cases of benign GIST (38.5%) and 1 of malignant GIST (16.7%) focally. All typical leiomyoma showed diffuse strong positivity on alpha-smooth muscle actin. S-100 protein was expressed in 2 cases of benign GIST (16.7%) only. The pattern of CD34 expression was focal in the actin or S-100 protein positive cases. In conclusion CD34 antigen is useful marker in the separation of GIST, from typical smooth muscle tumor. Also it suggest that most GISTs are histogenetically primitive mesenchymal cell origin. However, CD34 expression was unrelated with biologic behavior of GIST.
Actins ; Antigens, CD34* ; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors* ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Leiomyoma ; S100 Proteins ; Smooth Muscle Tumor

Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is the most common cancer of the urinary tract and is characterized by frequent recurrence. Like the other malignant tumor, the genetic alterations leading to neoplastic transformation of the urothelium are related with the activation of oncogenes and loss of functional tumor suppressor genes. Cyclin D1 is a putative protooncogene as cell cycle regulator essential for G1 phase progression and is frequently overexpressed in several human tumor. In this study we performed immunohistochemical stainings of cyclin D1 and p53 in both primary and recurrent transitional cell carcinomas of urinary bladder from 56 patients including 20 cases of recurrent tumor, and compared their results with histopathologic features. The results were as follows. Cyclin D1 immunoreactivity was found in 10 of 10 cases (100%) of grade 1, 25 of 41 (61%) cases of grade 2, and 11 of 25 (44%) cases of grade 3 transitional cell carcinomas. p53 immunoreactivity was found in 40% of grade 1, 63% of grade 2, and 87% of grade 3 lesions. Cyclin D1 expression was significantly higher in Ta and T1 lesions than T2 to T4 by pathologic tumor stage. Conversely p53 immunoreactivity was increased in proportion to the T classification. Cyclin D1 was de creased in recurrent transitional cell carcinomas, compared with primary transitional cell carcinomas. However, there was no statistical significance. In conclusion, cyclin D1 immunoreactivity is associated with low histologic grade and low tumor stage. And there is inverse relationship between the cyclin D1 and p53 overexpression.
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell* ; Cell Cycle ; Classification ; Cyclin D1* ; Cyclins* ; G1 Phase ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Humans ; Oncogenes ; Recurrence ; Urinary Bladder* ; Urologic Neoplasms ; Urothelium

Hamartoma of the breast is relatively rare benign tumor, which is a well-circumscribed mass mainly composed of fibrous stroma, a(tipose tissue, ducts and acini. Muscular hamartoma of the breast is mainly composed of smooth muscle, and is extremely rare because proper smooth muscle is normaly absent in the breast except in the nipple. We describe a rare case of muscular hamartoma of the breast in a 38-year-old woman. This tumor was located in the upper outer quadrant and a 3 x 2.5 x 2 cm sized, well-demarcated but not encapsulated mass, The mass consisted mainly of irregularly arranged smooth muscle bundles in the fibrous stroma with lobular units and admixed fat cells. The origin of smooth muscle in hamartoma is not well known.
Female ; Humans ; Hamartoma

No abstract available.
Asthma* ; Atrial Natriuretic Factor* ; Egg Hypersensitivity* ; Ovum*

Kawasaki disease is described by fever lasting five days or more, bilateral conjunctival injection, changes of lips and oral cavity, polymorphous exanthema, acute non-purulent cervical lymphadenopathy, and changes of extremities. Atypical Kawasaki disease is defined as fewer than 4 of 6 criteria described above including coronary artery abnormalities. Especially, atypical clinical manifestations of Kawasaki disease appear in infants younger than 6 months old of age. Thus we recommend echocardiography in early infancy who has prolonged fever in order to diagnose atypical Kawasaki disease and treat early. We have experienced three cases of atypical Kawasaki disease with coronary aneurysm who were admitted because of fever and revealed coronary aneurysm on echocardiography.
Coronary Aneurysm* ; Coronary Vessels ; Echocardiography ; Exanthema ; Extremities ; Fever ; Humans ; Infant ; Lip ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Mouth ; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome*

Fracture of the scaphoid constitute 60% to 70% of all diagnosed carpal injury. The acute fracture will heal approximately 90% of the time if recognized early and properly immobilized. But nonunion are common since the symtoms do not alert patients to seek early medical treatment and the diagnosis is easily missed. Authors have experienced 19 cases of scaphoid nonunion and accomplished good result in all case by Russe procedure. The results were summerized as follow: 1 The cause of fratures was mainly due to fall down dinjury (36.8%). 2. The most common mechanism of the fracture was fall on the outstretched hand (52.7%). 3. Fractures were shown on the anterior-posterior, lateral and billiards view in all cases. 4. In ten cases, the fractures were found on the waist of scaphoid. 5. The cases of nonunion were probably inadequate intial treatment and delayed diagnosis. 6. The good results were obtained by bone graft according to Russe procedure.
Delayed Diagnosis ; Diagnosis ; Hand ; Humans ; Transplants

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) and its therapeutic developments have become popular in the managemtnt of patients with biliary and pancreatic disease. But certain to anatomical arrangements such as Billroth II partial gastrectomy may cause technical difficulty In the patients with a previous Billroth-II resection, it may be difficult to enter the afferent loop Selectively; and to reach and identify the papilla. Cannulation and sphincterotomy are more difficult because of the direction of approach. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) and/or endoscopic sphineterotomy (EST) was perfomed on 12 patients, who had received Billroth II gastrectomy. We could achieve successful cholangiogram in 9 patients(75%) out of 12 patients, And EST was done successfully in 5 patients(83%) out of 6 patients.
Catheterization ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde* ; Gastrectomy ; Gastroenterostomy ; Humans ; Pancreatic Diseases ; Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic*

PURPOSE: Asthma is an inflammatory disease of the airways that is induced by Th2 cytokines and inhibited by Th1 cytokines. Oligodeoxynucleotides containing a CpG motif(CpG ODN), as potent inducers of Th1 immunity, are considered promising candidates for immune modulation in asthma. In this study we wanted to investigate the effect of CpG ODN on eosinophilia and cytokines of BALF in a mouse model established airway inflammation and the optimal route(systemic vs mucosal) of CpG ODN. We examined the difference of immunologic responses between CpG ODN and corticosteroids. METHODS: Female BALB/c mice, induced pulmonary allergic inflammation, were treated intranasally or intraperitoneally with CpG ODN and Dexamethasone. Allergen-specific antibody responses, cytokines(IL-4, IL-5, IL-12), and eosinophilic inflammation of the airways were investigated on BALF and splenocyte. RESULTS: CpG ODN effectively induced IL-12 and inhibited IL-4 and IL-5 as well as eosinophilic inflammation when CpG ODN was administered intranasally or intraperitoneally with allergen challenge. Therapy with corticosteroides, while effective inhibiting IL-5 generation, did not induced IL-12 in BALF. CONCLUSION: Systemic or mucosal administration of CpG ODN effectively stimulated the production of Th1 cytokines and suppressed eosinophilic airway inflammation in contrast of corticosteroids and control ODN. Thus, CpG ODN vaccination is a potentially useful approach for immunomodulation of established airway inflammation in a mouse model of asthma.
Administration, Mucosal ; Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Animals ; Antibody Formation ; Asthma ; Cytokines* ; Dexamethasone ; Eosinophilia* ; Eosinophils ; Female ; Humans ; Immunomodulation ; Inflammation* ; Interleukin-12 ; Interleukin-4 ; Interleukin-5 ; Mice* ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ; Vaccination

A complex syndrome, later called as Prader-Willi syndrome, was first described in 1956 by Prader et al, and Zellweger and Schneider characterized this syndrome as hypogonadism, hypotonia, hypomentia and boesty. It is not rare in western countries and more than 400 cases have been reported until 1983. But our interest arose because of our recent experience of diffuse noncirrhotic fibrosis of the liver in a 6 year-old boy who had the clinical features of Prader-Willi syndrome. The core of liver showed destruction of most of the hepatic lobules, particularly of the acinar zone 3, and replacement bt diffuse fibrosis. The remaining liver cells underwent fatty change, and the overall changes resembled chronic sclerosing hyaline disease of the alcoholic type. Inflammation was negligible. This particular case suggests that the severe fatty change of liver could result in irreversible damage to the hepatocytes and progressive fibrosis.

PURPOSE: This research was performed to investigate if the insertion site of the rectus muscle and the type of the insertion anatomically correspond for both eyes in Korean cadavers. METHODS: Thirty-four eyes from seventeen cadavers were anatomized for this research. We measured minimum distances from the insertion of each muscle to the tangential lines passing through the corneal limbus using a vernier caliper. Center, temporal, and nasal portions are used as an insertion for the vertical muscle, while center, upper, and lower portions are used as an insertion for the horizontal muscle. The average values of those minimum distances were compared for both eyes. Moreover, the type of the insertion of the rectus muscle is observed to determine whether it is identical for both eyes. RESULTS: Anatomical data does not show a significant difference between the right and left eyes except for the distance from an insertion of the inferior and lateral rectus muscle to the corneal limbus. With regard to the morphologic type of the insertion, the most common types are oblique and nonspecific shapes in the vertical muscles, and straight and concave shapes in the horizontal muscles. CONCLUSIONS: Although there was not a significant difference between the eyes, precautions should still be taken during eye operations due to possible anatomical differences between the eyes.
Adult ; Cadaver ; Eye ; Humans ; Limbus Corneae ; Muscles