Good Agricultural Practice for Chinese Crude Drugs is one of the effective measures for protecting and developing resource of Chinese crude drugs..We analyzed the current situation of GAP,discussed its questions and development.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to develop course outcomes for nursing students by applying Hauenstein's theory. METHODS: The research was conducted in three steps as follows: identifying exit outcomes related to the Adult Nursing course, developing Adult Nursing course outcomes based on the theory of Hauenstein, and finalizing Adult Nursing course outcomes. RESULTS: Exit outcomes achievable in Adult Nursing were generated after a needs analysis survey among students, nurses and professors was conducted and subsequently reviewed by professors specializing in the subject. For theoretical courses, the level of the course outcomes was derived from the cognitive domain, whereas, for practical courses, it was derived, in stages, from the cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains. Next, using taxonomical terms that can properly address the level of each domain, course outcomes for theoretical and practical courses were determined. After expert opinion was sought, the final course outcome for the Adult Nursing course was produced. CONCLUSION: The results are meaningful in that valid course outcomes were developed through the process described above and are expected to greatly contribute to reaching exit outcomes and strengthen the professional capacity of nursing students.
Adult ; Expert Testimony ; Humans ; Learning ; Nursing ; Students, Nursing

PURPOSE: This study was performed to understand health perception, health practice, and depression of the elderly and to identify their depression level according to health perception and health practice. METHOD: The subjects were 463 elders who have lived in the Jeju Island, and data were collected from June to August in 2005. Data were analyzed by SPSS 10.0. RESULT: The mean score of depression was 12.94 out of 30, and had a statistically significant correlation with educational level (F=2.943, p=.033), occupation (F=4.611, p=.010), and the number of chronic diseases (F=5.303, p=.001). When the cutoff of 18 points was applied based on Jung et al. (1997), the depression ratio was 12.4%, and when the cutoff parameter by Yesavage et al (1993) was applied, themoderate depression ratio was 74.8% and the severe depression ratio was 3.4%. In health recognition, consideration of usual health state had a significant correlation with depression (F=3.553, p=.007), but consideration of health state compared to the previous year wasn't. In health practice, sleeping was in a significant correlation with depression (F=3.574, p=.011), but smoking, alcohol drinking, exercise, and rest were not. CONCLUSION: Based on above results, we need further study on another sample group and the development, application, and verification of health management, education, and counseling programs for the elderly. Also, additional research should be made on significant factors of elderly depression.
Aged ; Alcohol Drinking ; Chronic Disease ; Counseling ; Depression* ; Education ; Humans ; Occupations ; Smoke ; Smoking

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of web-based simulation and high-fidelity simulation on acute heart disease patient care. METHODS: The project used a comparative study design with two simulation-based training modalities. A total of 144 nursing students participated in this study: 76 students in a web-based simulation, and 68 students in a high-fidelity simulation. Participants rated their self-efficacy, problem-solving ability, interest in learning, level of stress, satisfaction with the simulation experience, and level of difficulty of the simulation. RESULTS: The scores for self-efficacy, problem-solving ability, and interest in learning including interest in clinical training in the high-fidelity simulation group was higher than in the web-based simulation group. However, there were no significant differences in interest in learning, including interest in nursing knowledge, and in lab training, level of stress, satisfaction with the simulation experience, and level of difficulty of the simulation. CONCLUSION: A high-fidelity simulation of acute heart disease patient care might be beneficial to developing many more abilities for nursing students than would a web-based simulation. Also, since the web-based simulation improved interest in nursing knowledge, it could be a viable alternative to high-fidelity simulation. Further study is needed to verify the effects of varied levels of simulation-based care with more rigorous outcomes.
Heart Diseases* ; Heart* ; Humans ; Learning ; Nursing ; Patient Care* ; Simulation Training ; Students, Nursing

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to describe the experiences of student nurses during their clinical practice periods in an alcoholic ward. METHODS: A descriptive phenomenological study design was employed. Individual interviews were conducted and audio-taped. Colaizzi's method of data analysis was applied to inductively determine themes and formulated meanings. Data saturation was achieved and methodological rigor was established. RESULTS: Four themes were identified and these themes included anxiety of nursing practice in unfamiliar setting, sympathy with patients, learning about the inpatient alcoholics care, and self-reflection. CONCLUSION: Nursing students had positive and negative experiences in their clinical practice. The results of this study had important implications regarding clinical practice and research for nursing clinical education.
Alcoholics ; Alcoholism* ; Anxiety ; Education ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Learning ; Nursing ; Private Practice ; Qualitative Research ; Statistics as Topic ; Students, Nursing*

No abstract available.
Peritoneal Dialysis*

Objective To study the effect of anti-epileptic,nootropic drugs on the expression of NCAM and ERK2 in the hippocampus changes on the epileptic rats with cognitive dysfunction.Methods A total of 120Wistar rats were used.20 controls and 100 in which epilepticus with cognitive dysfunction were randomly assigned to 5 groups (n =20/group) that received daily treatments for 30 days with either (1) saline (epilepsy),(2) carbamazine (traditional anti-epileptic),(3) oxcarbazine (new anti-epileptic),(4) aniracetam (brain protective),or (5) donepezil (nootopic).Spatial learning and memory were assessed with a Morris Water Maze (MWM).Hippocampus tissue was assessed for NCAM1 and ERK-2 mRNAs by RT-PCR and proteins by immunochemistry.Results The mean escape latency of the place navigation test:EP group ((67.14 ± 7.37)s)was all higher than NS group (35.78 ± 4.84 s)and there was statistical significance (P ＜ 0.01),carbamazepine group ((81.23 ± 9.46)s) ＞ EP group((67.14 ±7.37)s) ＞ donepezi group((53.75 ±6.74) s) (P＜0.01).Immunohistochemical and RT-PCR result:carbamazepine ＜ oxcarbazepine ＜ epilepsy ＜ aniracetam ＜ donepezi group.Compared with control group,donepezil group ＞ control group (P ＜ 0.01),aniracetam group ＞ control group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion ERK-2 expression is decreased and NCAM 1 expression is increased in the hippocampus in the epileptic rats.Thus,both are involved in cognitive dysfunction.Carbamazepine aggravates cognitive dysfunction,whereas donepezil improves cognitive dysfunction associated with epilepsy.

Objective To investigate the effect of exercise prescription on foot perfusion and ulcer healing in patients with diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) accompanied with peripheral arterial disease (PAD).Methods Sixty patients with DFU and PAD were divided into exercise group and control group.The patients in the exercise group took exercise therapy training,ensuring that they could follow the exercise prescription.The patients in the control group had no exercise requirements.After the treatment for 12 weeks,ankle brachial index (ABI),transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcPO2),skin temperature,body mass index (BMI),HbA1C,and the ulcer healing rate in the two groups were compared,the satisfaction and compliance in the exercise group were evaluated,and the adverse events of the treatment were recorded.Results After the treatment for 12 weeks,the ABI,TcPO2,and foot skin temperature in the two groups increased and HbA1C decreased(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).TcPO2 increased 5.25 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133kPa),skin temperature increased 0.45℃,and BMI decreased 0.69 kg/m2 in the exercise group,while TcPO2 increased 2.59 mm Hg,skin temperature increased 0.28℃,and BMI increased 0.02 kg/m2 in the control group,showing significant differences in the three index changes between two groups (P＜0.01).The healing rate in the exercise group was higher than that in the control group (53.6％ vs 25.9％,P ＜0.05).The patients'compliance and satisfaction to the exercise therapy were 90％ and 94％,respectively.The incidence of adverse events in the exercise group had no causal relationship with the exercise prescription.Conclusion The exercise prescription in the study can improve the foot perfusion,and promote ulcer healing.It has the advantage of high safety,patients'compliance and satisfaction.

PURPOSE: This study aims to determine the bioethical subjectivity of nursing students with experience volunteering in elderly care facilities, and the characteristics that comprise the types thereof. METHODS: Q methodology, which analyzes the subjectivity of each type, was used. The 37 selected Q statements from 32 participants were classified into the shape of a normal distribution using a 9-point scale. The collected data were analyzed using the PC-QUANL program. RESULTS: The survey revealed that the bioethical subjectivity of nursing students with experience volunteering in elderly care facilities can be divided into three types: a rational dignity emphasis, an autonomous right to life belief, and conflict avoidance. All three attitudes regard human beings as possessing dignity, and life and death as elements to be experienced as aspects of human life. Bioethical values are critical to treatment and care; however, it is sometimes also held that humans have the right to commit suicide. CONCLUSION: This study enhanced our awareness of nursing students' bioethics. The findings can be used as a basis for the design of differentiated bioethics education according to each type of bioethical subjectivity. This calls for diverse research on bioethics and the implementation of effective bioethics education.
Aged ; Bioethics ; Education ; Humans ; Nursing ; Students, Nursing ; Suicide ; Value of Life

Objective To investigate the expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI-3K)in adipose tissue of polycystic ovary syndrome patients(PCOS),and explore molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance(IR)in PCOS.Methods Samples from patients with PCOS with IR(n=19),PCOS without IR (n=10)and controls(n=15)were collected.Serum fasting insulin(FIN)and fasting plasma glucose (FPG)were measure& Insulin resistance index was calculated using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)to analyze the relationship between these markers and IR.Western blot technique was used to detect the PI-3K p85 subunit.Gene expression of PI-3K p85 subunit was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)method.Kinase activity was detected by immunoprecipitation,thin- layer chromatography and gamma scintillation counting.Results(1)The levels of FIN[(25.2?3.8) mU/L]and HOMA-IR(1.6?0.3)in PCOS with IR were significantly higher than those in PCOS without IR[(13.4 +3.8)mU/L,0.9?0.3]and controls[(9.5 +2.6)mU/L,0.5?0.3;all P＜0.05).(2) There was no significant difference in the protein(0.65?0.10)and gene expression(0.92?0.12)of PI-3 K p85 subunit in PCOS with IR compared with PCOS without IR(0.72?0.10,1.01?0.10)and control groups(0.73?0.14,1.00?0.12;P＞0.05).(3)PI-3K activity in PCOS with IR(81%)and PCOS without IR(89%)was significantly decreased(P＜0.01,P＜0.05)and negatively correlated with HOMA- IR(r=-0.69,P＜0.01;r=-0.62,P＜0.05).Conclusions No significant difference in the protein and gene expression of PI-3K p85 subunit in PCOS with IR is found.The decreased PI-3K activity may lead to IR of PCOS.