The authors have operated the homepage (http://anatomy.co.kr) to provide the learning contents of anatomy. From the homepage, sectioned images, volume models, and surface models—all Visible Korean products—can be downloaded. The realistic images can be interactively manipulated, which will give rise to the interest in anatomy. The various anatomy comics (learning comics, comic strips, plastination comics, etc.) are approachable. Visitors can obtain the regional anatomy book with concise contents, mnemonics, and schematics as well as the simplified dissection manual and the pleasant anatomy essay. Medical students, health allied professional students, and even laypeople are expected to utilize the easy and comforting anatomy contents. It is hoped that other anatomists successively produce and distribute their own informative contents.
Anatomists ; Anatomy, Regional ; Hope ; Humans ; Internet ; Learning* ; Students, Medical ; Visible Human Projects

We present the case report of a 72-year-old female in whom diaphragmatic eventration and secondary gastric volvulus developed 10 years after a left partial pneumonectomy for a bronchiectasis. Eventration of the diaphragm is defined as an abnormal elevation of an intact diaphragm. The abnormally wide subdiaphragmatic space provides the potential for a gastric volvulus, which results from the strong negative intrathoracic pulling force created by the potential subphrenic space and paradoxical movement of the diaphragm. Unless this strong negative force is first eliminated, gastropexy alone will lead to recurrence. Obliteration of the subphrenic space by colonic displacement is a simple and effective way of abolishing this negative subdiaphragmatic pulling force. Treatment of gastric volvulus requires immediate surgical repair to prevent subsequent necrosis and perforation, with surgical correction of the underlying anatomic abnormality being the treatment of choice for gastric volvulus. We experienced a case of gastric volvulus due to diaphragmatic eventration who was treated with colonic displacement.
Aged ; Bronchiectasis ; Colon ; Diaphragm ; Diaphragmatic Eventration ; Displacement (Psychology) ; Female ; Gastropexy ; Humans ; Necrosis ; Pneumonectomy ; Recurrence ; Stomach Volvulus

PURPOSE: This retrospective study was performed to identify the clinical characteristics of influenza B infection and compare to influenza A infection. METHODS: Medical records of patients diagnosed with influenza using a multiplex PCR test, admitted to Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, during the 2011-2012 influenza season were analyzed. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of influenza B patients were investigated and compared with those of influenza A patients. RESULTS: A total of 145 influenza patients were enrolled during this study period. Among these, 66 and 78 patients were diagnosed with influenza A and B, respectively, and 1 patient was diagnosed with co-existing influenza A and B. Cough (88.2%), rhinorrhea (77.1%) and sputum (60.4%) were the most common symptoms among these influenza patients, and most were diagnosed with upper respiratory infection (31.9%) or lower respiratory infection (49.3%). In comparison to influenza A patients, influenza B patients were older (4.7+/-4.1 years vs. 3.3+/-2.5 years, P=0.016), and the number of fever days before hospitalization were longer (3.0 days vs. 2.5 days, P=0.043). While sore throat (10.3% vs. 1.5%, P=0.039) and vomiting (20.5% vs. 6.1%, P=0.012) were more common in influenza B patients than in influenza A patients, other clinical and laboratory characteristics were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences in clinical and laboratory perspectives were manifested in influenza A and B infections. Preventive measures should be emphasized over treatment in influenza B due to prolonged fever duration before admission.
Child ; Cough ; Fever ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Influenza B virus ; Influenza, Human ; Medical Records ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Pharyngitis ; Retrospective Studies ; Seasons ; Sputum ; Vomiting

No abstract available.
Kidney*

BACKGROUND: The hand anatomy, including the complicated hand muscles, can be grasped by using computer-assisted learning tools with high quality two-dimensional images and three-dimensional models. The purpose of this study was to present up-to-date software tools that promote learning of stereoscopic morphology of the hand. METHODS: On the basis of horizontal sectioned images and outlined images of a male cadaver, vertical planes, volume models, and surface models were elaborated. Software to browse pairs of the sectioned and outlined images in orthogonal planes and software to peel and rotate the volume models, as well as a portable document format (PDF) file to select and rotate the surface models, were produced. RESULTS: All of the software tools were downloadable free of charge and usable off-line. The three types of tools for viewing multiple aspects of the hand could be adequately employed according to individual needs. CONCLUSION: These new tools involving the realistic images of a cadaver and the diverse functions are expected to improve comprehensive knowledge of the hand shape.
Anatomy, Regional ; Cadaver ; Computer-Assisted Instruction ; Hand Strength ; Hand ; Humans ; Learning ; Male ; Muscles ; Visible Human Projects

BACKGROUND: The curved sectional planes of the human body can provide a new approach of surface anatomy that the classical horizontal, coronal, and sagittal planes cannot do. The purpose of this study was to verify whether the curved sectional planes contribute to the morphological comprehension of anatomical structures. METHODS: By stacking the sectioned images of a male cadaver, a volume model of the right half body was produced (voxel size 1 mm). The sectioned images with the segmentation data were also used to build another volume model. The volume models were peeled and rotated to be screen captured. The captured images were loaded on user-friendly browsing software that had been made in the laboratory. RESULTS: The browsing software was downloadable from the authors' homepage (anatomy.co.kr). On the software, the volume model was peeled at 1 mm thicknesses and rotated at 30 degrees. Since the volume models were made from the cadaveric images, actual colors of the structures were displayed in high resolution. Thanks to the segmentation data, the structures on the volume model could be automatically annotated. Using the software, the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the internal jugular vein in the neck region, the cubital fossa in the upper limb region, and the femoral triangle in the lower limb region were observed to be described. CONCLUSION: For the students learning various medical procedures, the software presents the needed graphic information of the human body. The curved sectional planes are expected to be a tool for disciplinary convergence of the sectional anatomy and surface anatomy.
Anatomy, Cross-Sectional ; Cadaver* ; Comprehension ; Education ; Human Body ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Jugular Veins ; Learning ; Lower Extremity ; Male* ; Neck ; Upper Extremity ; Visible Human Projects

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate correlation of preoperative anemia with clinical outcomes in patients with early stage cervical cancer who were treated with radical hysterectomy and lymph node dissection. METHODS: Patients who underwent radical hysterectomy and lymph node dissection for cervical cancer from January 2001 to February 2012 were included in this study. Clinicopatholgoical factors included in univariate and multivariate analysis were age, tumor histology, FIGO (International Federation of Gyneocology and Obstetrics) stage, preoperative hemoglobin, depth of invasion, tumor size, parametrial involvement, resection margin, and lymph node status. RESULTS: A total of 387 patients were retrospectively analyzed in this study; 141 patients (36.4%) had preoperative anemia (hemoglobin <12 g/dL) and 16 out of 141 patients (11.3%) received blood transfusion for correction of preoperative anemia. Patients with preoperative anemia showed significant association with age <50 years, more advanced stage, non-squamous cell carcinoma histology, larger tumor size, deeper stromal invasion, and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). Both relapse-free survival and overall survival were worse in patients with preoperative anemia in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, overall survival was worse in patients with preoperative anemia, but relapse-free survival was not associated with preoperative anemia. In the intergroup analysis of anemic patients for the effect of preoperative blood transfusion, preoperative anemia correction did not affect survival. CONCLUSION: Preoperative anemia was not an independent prognostic factor for survival in patients with early cervical cancer. However, it was associated with poor prognostic factors. Further study in large population is needed.
Anemia* ; Blood Transfusion ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymph Nodes ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Retrospective Studies ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms*

The mortality rate of the invasive pulmonary aspergillosis to be able to developed during chemotherapy induced myleosuppressionin is high in hematologic malignancy patients despite antifungal treatment. Effective antifungal treatment combined with operation can decrease the mortaligy rate of the invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Recently, we experienced the successful management of the two cases of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia through effective antifungal treatment and surgical resection. We report this cases with review of literature.
Drug Therapy ; Hematologic Neoplasms ; Hematology ; Humans ; Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis* ; Mortality ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; Pulmonary Aspergillosis

PURPOSE: We know little about the natural course of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) in association with histologic changes especially in children. We investigated clinicopathologic features with long-term follow-up biopsy to clarify the outcomes and prognostic indicators for childhood IgAN. METHODS: From our patients' medical records, we retrieved 20 patients with IgAN, to whom renal biopsies had been performed for the initial diagnosis and follow-up to find out any histologic changes. Initial and follow-up biopsies were classified by Haas classification. The changes of these parameters were compared with the evolution of clinical features. RESULTS: Patients were treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in combination with angiotensin receptor blockers (in subclass II or above) and short-term cyclosporine A(in patients showing nephrotic syndrome). Histologic improvement in 7 cases and deterioration in 3 cases were observed. At the time of last biopsy, 10 cases (50%) showed clinical remission and the others showed improved clinical features. These clinical outcomes did not correlate with initial Haas classifications. Hypertension at onset observed in 5 cases (25%) revealed significant correlation with clinical outcome (P=0.01) and last Haas classification (P=0.007). None of the cases showed progression to CRF or ESRD. CONCLUSION: During a mean follow-up of 10.8+/-3.4 years, childhood IgAN showed good clinicopathologic outcome. Hypertension at onset was only a strong predictor of clinicopathologic outcomes, but initial Haas classification cannot predict outcomes in children. Histologic change of IgAN in long term follow-up period cannot be completely predicted by clinical data and vice versa. Therefore, a renal biopsy should be considered as a part of follow-up plan.
Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ; Biopsy ; Child ; Cyclosporine ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glomerulonephritis, IGA ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Immunoglobulin A ; Medical Records ; Prognosis

Epikeratophakia was first described in 1980 by Kaufman, the correction of aphakia in adults. Since then, epikeratoplasty has been emploed for the correction of high myopia, keratoconus and most often. We have operated on high myopic eye, for which spectacles or contact lenses were no good enogh to correct myopia. 32 epikeratoplasty for 26 patients of high myopia were operated on and followed up to reveal the effect of the epikeratoplasty. The cases with 6 months or more followed up are reviewed. The cases reviewed are followed up at least 6 month or more. All cases improved their uncorrected visual acuity 20/40 or better. The mean keratometric reduction after surgery was 11.2D. Mean preoperative spherical equivalent of -12.8D was corrected to average -0.4D postoperatively. This study has revealed that epikeratoplasty has a couple of unique advantatges; a wide range of the correction of visual acuity and no postoperative complications. And these advantages were us to make epikeratoplasty a first choice method for the correction of high myopia.
Adult ; Aphakia ; Contact Lenses ; Epikeratophakia* ; Eyeglasses ; Humans ; Keratoconus ; Myopia* ; Postoperative Complications ; Visual Acuity