The authors have operated the homepage (http://anatomy.co.kr) to provide the learning contents of anatomy. From the homepage, sectioned images, volume models, and surface models—all Visible Korean products—can be downloaded. The realistic images can be interactively manipulated, which will give rise to the interest in anatomy. The various anatomy comics (learning comics, comic strips, plastination comics, etc.) are approachable. Visitors can obtain the regional anatomy book with concise contents, mnemonics, and schematics as well as the simplified dissection manual and the pleasant anatomy essay. Medical students, health allied professional students, and even laypeople are expected to utilize the easy and comforting anatomy contents. It is hoped that other anatomists successively produce and distribute their own informative contents.
Anatomists ; Anatomy, Regional ; Hope ; Humans ; Internet ; Learning* ; Students, Medical ; Visible Human Projects

We present the case report of a 72-year-old female in whom diaphragmatic eventration and secondary gastric volvulus developed 10 years after a left partial pneumonectomy for a bronchiectasis. Eventration of the diaphragm is defined as an abnormal elevation of an intact diaphragm. The abnormally wide subdiaphragmatic space provides the potential for a gastric volvulus, which results from the strong negative intrathoracic pulling force created by the potential subphrenic space and paradoxical movement of the diaphragm. Unless this strong negative force is first eliminated, gastropexy alone will lead to recurrence. Obliteration of the subphrenic space by colonic displacement is a simple and effective way of abolishing this negative subdiaphragmatic pulling force. Treatment of gastric volvulus requires immediate surgical repair to prevent subsequent necrosis and perforation, with surgical correction of the underlying anatomic abnormality being the treatment of choice for gastric volvulus. We experienced a case of gastric volvulus due to diaphragmatic eventration who was treated with colonic displacement.
Aged ; Bronchiectasis ; Colon ; Diaphragm ; Diaphragmatic Eventration ; Displacement (Psychology) ; Female ; Gastropexy ; Humans ; Necrosis ; Pneumonectomy ; Recurrence ; Stomach Volvulus

PURPOSE: This retrospective study was performed to identify the clinical characteristics of influenza B infection and compare to influenza A infection. METHODS: Medical records of patients diagnosed with influenza using a multiplex PCR test, admitted to Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, during the 2011-2012 influenza season were analyzed. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of influenza B patients were investigated and compared with those of influenza A patients. RESULTS: A total of 145 influenza patients were enrolled during this study period. Among these, 66 and 78 patients were diagnosed with influenza A and B, respectively, and 1 patient was diagnosed with co-existing influenza A and B. Cough (88.2%), rhinorrhea (77.1%) and sputum (60.4%) were the most common symptoms among these influenza patients, and most were diagnosed with upper respiratory infection (31.9%) or lower respiratory infection (49.3%). In comparison to influenza A patients, influenza B patients were older (4.7+/-4.1 years vs. 3.3+/-2.5 years, P=0.016), and the number of fever days before hospitalization were longer (3.0 days vs. 2.5 days, P=0.043). While sore throat (10.3% vs. 1.5%, P=0.039) and vomiting (20.5% vs. 6.1%, P=0.012) were more common in influenza B patients than in influenza A patients, other clinical and laboratory characteristics were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences in clinical and laboratory perspectives were manifested in influenza A and B infections. Preventive measures should be emphasized over treatment in influenza B due to prolonged fever duration before admission.
Child ; Cough ; Fever ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Influenza B virus ; Influenza, Human ; Medical Records ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Pharyngitis ; Retrospective Studies ; Seasons ; Sputum ; Vomiting

No abstract available.
Kidney*

BACKGROUND: The curved sectional planes of the human body can provide a new approach of surface anatomy that the classical horizontal, coronal, and sagittal planes cannot do. The purpose of this study was to verify whether the curved sectional planes contribute to the morphological comprehension of anatomical structures. METHODS: By stacking the sectioned images of a male cadaver, a volume model of the right half body was produced (voxel size 1 mm). The sectioned images with the segmentation data were also used to build another volume model. The volume models were peeled and rotated to be screen captured. The captured images were loaded on user-friendly browsing software that had been made in the laboratory. RESULTS: The browsing software was downloadable from the authors' homepage (anatomy.co.kr). On the software, the volume model was peeled at 1 mm thicknesses and rotated at 30 degrees. Since the volume models were made from the cadaveric images, actual colors of the structures were displayed in high resolution. Thanks to the segmentation data, the structures on the volume model could be automatically annotated. Using the software, the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the internal jugular vein in the neck region, the cubital fossa in the upper limb region, and the femoral triangle in the lower limb region were observed to be described. CONCLUSION: For the students learning various medical procedures, the software presents the needed graphic information of the human body. The curved sectional planes are expected to be a tool for disciplinary convergence of the sectional anatomy and surface anatomy.
Anatomy, Cross-Sectional ; Cadaver* ; Comprehension ; Education ; Human Body ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Jugular Veins ; Learning ; Lower Extremity ; Male* ; Neck ; Upper Extremity ; Visible Human Projects

BACKGROUND: The hand anatomy, including the complicated hand muscles, can be grasped by using computer-assisted learning tools with high quality two-dimensional images and three-dimensional models. The purpose of this study was to present up-to-date software tools that promote learning of stereoscopic morphology of the hand. METHODS: On the basis of horizontal sectioned images and outlined images of a male cadaver, vertical planes, volume models, and surface models were elaborated. Software to browse pairs of the sectioned and outlined images in orthogonal planes and software to peel and rotate the volume models, as well as a portable document format (PDF) file to select and rotate the surface models, were produced. RESULTS: All of the software tools were downloadable free of charge and usable off-line. The three types of tools for viewing multiple aspects of the hand could be adequately employed according to individual needs. CONCLUSION: These new tools involving the realistic images of a cadaver and the diverse functions are expected to improve comprehensive knowledge of the hand shape.
Anatomy, Regional ; Cadaver ; Computer-Assisted Instruction ; Hand Strength ; Hand ; Humans ; Learning ; Male ; Muscles ; Visible Human Projects

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate correlation of preoperative anemia with clinical outcomes in patients with early stage cervical cancer who were treated with radical hysterectomy and lymph node dissection. METHODS: Patients who underwent radical hysterectomy and lymph node dissection for cervical cancer from January 2001 to February 2012 were included in this study. Clinicopatholgoical factors included in univariate and multivariate analysis were age, tumor histology, FIGO (International Federation of Gyneocology and Obstetrics) stage, preoperative hemoglobin, depth of invasion, tumor size, parametrial involvement, resection margin, and lymph node status. RESULTS: A total of 387 patients were retrospectively analyzed in this study; 141 patients (36.4%) had preoperative anemia (hemoglobin <12 g/dL) and 16 out of 141 patients (11.3%) received blood transfusion for correction of preoperative anemia. Patients with preoperative anemia showed significant association with age <50 years, more advanced stage, non-squamous cell carcinoma histology, larger tumor size, deeper stromal invasion, and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). Both relapse-free survival and overall survival were worse in patients with preoperative anemia in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, overall survival was worse in patients with preoperative anemia, but relapse-free survival was not associated with preoperative anemia. In the intergroup analysis of anemic patients for the effect of preoperative blood transfusion, preoperative anemia correction did not affect survival. CONCLUSION: Preoperative anemia was not an independent prognostic factor for survival in patients with early cervical cancer. However, it was associated with poor prognostic factors. Further study in large population is needed.
Anemia* ; Blood Transfusion ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymph Nodes ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Retrospective Studies ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms*

The mortality rate of the invasive pulmonary aspergillosis to be able to developed during chemotherapy induced myleosuppressionin is high in hematologic malignancy patients despite antifungal treatment. Effective antifungal treatment combined with operation can decrease the mortaligy rate of the invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Recently, we experienced the successful management of the two cases of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia through effective antifungal treatment and surgical resection. We report this cases with review of literature.
Drug Therapy ; Hematologic Neoplasms ; Hematology ; Humans ; Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis* ; Mortality ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; Pulmonary Aspergillosis

BACKGROUND: The dysfunction of multiple organs is found to be caused by reactive oxygen species as a major modulator of microvascular injury after hemorrhagic shock. Hemorrhagic shock, one of many causes inducing acute lung injury, is associated with increase in alveolocapillary permeability and characterized by edema, neutrophil infiltration, and hemorrhage in the interstitial and alveolar space. Aggressive and rapid fluid resuscitation potentially might increased the risk of pulmonary dysfunction by the interstitial edema. Therefore, in order to improve the pulmonary dysfunction induced by hemorrhagic shock, the present study was attempted to investigate how to reduce the inflammatory responses and edema in lung. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weight 300 to 350 gm were anesthetized with ketamine (7 mg/kg) intramuscular. Hemorrhagic Shock (HS) was induced by withdrawal of 3 mL/100 g over 10 min. through right jugular vein. Mean arterial pressure was then maintained at 35~40 mmHg by further blood withdrawal. At 60 min. after HS, the shed blood and Ringer's solution or 5% albumin was infused to restore mean carotid arterial pressure over 80 mmHg. Rats were divided into three groups according to rectal temperature level (37 degrees C [normothermia] vs 33degrees C [mild hypothermia]) and resuscitation fluid (lactate Ringer's solution vs 5% albumin solution). Group I consisted of rats with the normothermia and lactate Ringer's solution infusion. Group II consisted of rats with the systemic hypothermia and lactate Ringer's solution infusion. Group III consisted of rats with the systemic hypothermia and 5% albumin solution infusion. Hemodynamic parameters (heart rate, mean carotid arterial pressure), metabolism, and pulmonary tissue damage were observed for 4 hours. RESULT: In all experimental groups including 6 rats in group I, totally 26 rats were alive in 3rd stage. However, bleeding volume of group I in first stage was 3.2+/-0.5 mL/100 g less than those of group II (3.9+/-0.8 mL/100 g) and group III (4.1+/-0.7 mL/100 g). Fluid volume infused in 2nd stage was 28.6+/-6.0 mL (group I), 20.6+/-4.0 mL (group II) and 14.7+/-2.7 mL (group III), retrospectively in which there was statistically a significance between all groups (p <0.05). Plasma potassium level was markedly elevated in comparison with other groups (II and III), whereas glucose level was obviously reduced in 2nd stage of group I. Level of interleukine-8 in group I was obviously higher than that of group II or III (p <0.05). They were 1,834+/-437 pg/mL (group I), 1,006+/-532 pg/mL (group II), and 764+/-302 pg/mL (group III), retrospectively. In histologic score, the score of group III (1.6+/-0.6) was significantly lower than that of group I (2.8+/-1.2)(p <0.05). CONCLUSION: In pressure-controlled hemorrhagic shock model, it is suggested that hypothermia might inhibit the direct damage of ischemic tissue through reduction of basic metabolic rate in shock state compared to normothermia. It seems that hypothermia should be benefit to recovery pulmonary function by reducing replaced fluid volume, inhibiting anti-inflammatory agent (IL-8) and leukocyte infiltration in state of ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, it is considered that other changes in pulmonary damage and inflammatory responses might induce by not only kinds of fluid solutions but also hypothermia, and that the detailed evaluation should be study.
Acute Lung Injury ; Animals ; Arterial Pressure ; Edema ; Fluid Therapy* ; Glucose ; Hemodynamics ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hypothermia* ; Jugular Veins ; Ketamine ; Lactic Acid ; Leukocytes ; Lung* ; Male ; Metabolism ; Neutrophil Infiltration ; Permeability ; Plasma ; Potassium ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Reperfusion ; Reperfusion Injury ; Resuscitation ; Retrospective Studies ; Shock ; Shock, Hemorrhagic*

PURPOSE: We know little about the natural course of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) in association with histologic changes especially in children. We investigated clinicopathologic features with long-term follow-up biopsy to clarify the outcomes and prognostic indicators for childhood IgAN. METHODS: From our patients' medical records, we retrieved 20 patients with IgAN, to whom renal biopsies had been performed for the initial diagnosis and follow-up to find out any histologic changes. Initial and follow-up biopsies were classified by Haas classification. The changes of these parameters were compared with the evolution of clinical features. RESULTS: Patients were treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in combination with angiotensin receptor blockers (in subclass II or above) and short-term cyclosporine A(in patients showing nephrotic syndrome). Histologic improvement in 7 cases and deterioration in 3 cases were observed. At the time of last biopsy, 10 cases (50%) showed clinical remission and the others showed improved clinical features. These clinical outcomes did not correlate with initial Haas classifications. Hypertension at onset observed in 5 cases (25%) revealed significant correlation with clinical outcome (P=0.01) and last Haas classification (P=0.007). None of the cases showed progression to CRF or ESRD. CONCLUSION: During a mean follow-up of 10.8+/-3.4 years, childhood IgAN showed good clinicopathologic outcome. Hypertension at onset was only a strong predictor of clinicopathologic outcomes, but initial Haas classification cannot predict outcomes in children. Histologic change of IgAN in long term follow-up period cannot be completely predicted by clinical data and vice versa. Therefore, a renal biopsy should be considered as a part of follow-up plan.
Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ; Biopsy ; Child ; Cyclosporine ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glomerulonephritis, IGA ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Immunoglobulin A ; Medical Records ; Prognosis