In this article neuroanatomical and verbal developmental process were introduced, followed that disorders and assessment of language function were reviewed. Finally, the causes and assessment of developmental dyslexia as a childhood disorder related to verbal function were reviewed.
Dyslexia ; Neuropsychology

To elucidate some DNA adducts as a biological marker for workers of chromate pigment, the effects of chromium exposure on the formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine(8-OH-dG) and sister chromatid exchanges(SCEs) frequency in 38 workers of a pigment plant in Bucheon which utilized lead chromates, were examined. The chromium contents of venous blood and urine were measured as working environmental exposure level. The concentrations of 8-OH-dG in DNA isolated from lymphocytes were determined with high performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detector and denoted as a molar ratio of 8-OH-dG to deoxyguanosine(dG). The SCEs frequency were analyzed in DNA isolated from lymphocytes. A significant correlation was found between creatinine adjusted urine chromium concentration and the molar ratio of 8-OH-dG to dG(r=0.47, p<0.01). After adjusting the current smoking habit, the correlation coefficient was increased(r=0.62, p<0.05). However, there was no significant correlation between the SCE frequency and chromium exposure. This significant results between molar ratio of 8-OH-dG to dG and chromium exposure are in good agreement with in vitro studies that support the importance of DNA adduct formation for the carcinogenic effect of chromium.
Biomarkers ; Chromates ; Chromatids ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Chromium* ; Creatinine ; DNA ; DNA Adducts ; Environmental Exposure ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Lymphocytes ; Molar ; Plants ; Siblings* ; Sister Chromatid Exchange* ; Smoke ; Smoking

OBJECTIVES: It has been constantly reported that mismatch negativity (MMN) is impaired in patients with schizophrenia. However, the mechanism which relates impaired MMN and schizophrenia is not clear yet. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between MMN and clinical variables including functional status in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: The present study assessed MMN using passive auditory oddball task in 26 patients with schizophrenia and 48 healthy controls. Repeated measures Analysis of Variance with age as a covariate was carried out for comparing peak amplitude and latency of MMN at 8 central line electrodes (FPz, Fz, FCz, Cz, CPz, Pz, POz, Oz) across groups. Pearson's correlation was performed to reveal the relationship between MMN and clinical variables including neurocognitive test results and the Global Assessment of Functioning score. RESULTS: MMN amplitude was significantly reduced in patients with schizophrenia compared with healthy controls. Pearson's correlation showed that subsets of short form of Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale scores and GAF scores were associated with MMN amplitude in patients with schizophrenia. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that MMN amplitude is associated with current functional status including cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia.
Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; Electrodes ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Schizophrenia*

We observed clinical features of 18 bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) patients who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit in the Severance Hospital of Yonsel University College of Medicine from January 1. 1987 to June 30. 1991. Eight patients in whom ventilator settings were unchanged for more than 5 days because of lack of improvement in pulmonary function. The effects of dexamethasone in ventilator-dependent were included in the short-term dexamethasone therapy. 1) Eighteen BPD patients consisted of 15 premature infants (83%), 1 full-term infant, and 2 post-term infants, The mean gestational age of the patients were 30 weeks and the mean birth weight was 1,420gm. And there were 13 male and 5 female infants. 2) The underlying conditions which necessitated ventilatory support support were hyaline membrane disease in 13 patients (72%), apnea in 2 (11%), and meconium aspiration syndrome in 3. There patients with meconium aspiration syndrome were either full-term or post-term infants, of whom 2 had neonatal persistent pulmonary hypertension. 3) The mean age at the start of ventilator care was 8 hours and the mean PIP was 32 cm H2O. The mean duration of ventilator care of oxygen therapy and of high O2 requirement (FiO2>0.8) were 39 days, 75 days and 20 days, respectively. 4) Patent ductus arteriosus developed in 8 patients during mechanical ventilation, but they were all closed with the use of mefenamic acid, There were also 4 cases of pneumothorax, 2 cases of pulmonary parenchymal emphysema, and 1 case each of pneumomediastinum and pneumoperitoneum. 5) The mean gestational age of the dexamethasone-treated group was 30 weeks and the mean birth weight was 1,320gm, The mean age at which dexamethasone therapy was started was 39 days after birth, and in only 3.3 days 6 patients were successfully weaned from ventilator, In 5 cases the first trial of dexamethasone therapy was enough but the rest needed the 2nd trial for ventilator weaning. 6) In 6 BPD patient who were weaned from the ventilator after dexamethasone therapy, there were significant decreases in MAP (11.1 vs 8.0 cmH2O), and FiO2 (0.73 vs 0.61), but a significant increase in the urine output (2.56 vs 3.7ml/kg/hr) for the pretreatment (5 days prior to therapy) versus posttreatment period (first day of therapy). 7) The complications of dexamethasone treatment were transient hypertension and hyperglycemia in 3 patients, and systemic candidiasis and gastrointestinal bleeding in 2 patients who failed to be weaned after dexamethasone therapy. Our results suggest that the short-term dexamethasone therapy in bronchopulmonary dysplasia patients who are dependent on mechanical ventilation enables weaning in a short period of time. The inspiratory oxygen concentration and the mean airway pressure may be decreased and the urine output may be increased from the first day of medication, improves pulmonary function and decreases pulmonary interstitial edema.
Apnea ; Birth Weight ; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia* ; Candidiasis ; Dexamethasone* ; Ductus Arteriosus, Patent ; Edema ; Emphysema ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hyaline Membrane Disease ; Hyperglycemia ; Hypertension ; Hypertension, Pulmonary ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Intensive Care, Neonatal ; Male ; Meconium Aspiration Syndrome ; Mediastinal Emphysema ; Mefenamic Acid ; Oxygen ; Parturition ; Pneumoperitoneum ; Pneumothorax ; Respiration, Artificial ; Ventilator Weaning ; Ventilators, Mechanical ; Weaning

No abstract available.
Eye Movements ; Rhabdomyoma

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ultrasonographic findings of secondary appendicitis (SA) and to discuss the differential findings compared with primary appendicitis. METHODS: In this study, we analyzed the ultrasonographic findings of 94 patients under 15 years old of age treated at our institution from May 2005 to May 2014 who had bowel inflammation and an inflamed appendix with a maximal outer diameter >6 mm that improved with nonsurgical treatment (the SA group). Ninety-nine patients with pathologically proven acute appendicitis (the primary appendicitis [PA] group) from June 2013 to May 2014 and 44 patients with pathologically negative appendectomy results from May 2005 to May 2014 were also included to compare the ultrasonographic features of these conditions. A retrospective review of the ultrasonographic findings was performed by two radiologists. The clinical and laboratory findings were also reviewed. The results were statically analyzed using analysis of variance, the Pearson chi-square test, and the two-tailed Fisher exact test. RESULTS: Compared with PA, cases of SA had a smaller diameter (9.8 mm vs. 6.6 mm, P < 0.001), and were less likely to show periappendiceal fat inflammation (98% vs. 6%, P < 0.001) or an appendicolith (34% vs. 11%, P < 0.001). SA showed mural hyperemia on color Doppler ultrasonography as frequently as PA (P=0.887). CONCLUSION: The ultrasonographic features of SA included an increased diameter compared to a healthy appendix and the same level of hyperemia as in PA. However, the diameter was commonly in the equivocal range (mean diameter, 6.6 mm), and periappendiceal fat inflammation was rarely present in SA.
Appendectomy ; Appendicitis* ; Appendix ; Humans ; Hyperemia ; Inflammation ; Pediatrics ; Retrospective Studies ; Ultrasonography* ; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color

Combined spinal epidural block with use of the needle-through-needle technique has become increasingly more popular during recent years because it provides rapidity and density of spinal block, combined with the ability to extend the block and provide postoperative analgesia by use of the extradural catheter. However, the combined spinal epidural block has some disadvantages. Since the spinal needle makes a hole in the dura, the accidental migration of an extradural catheter into the dural opening made previously by the spinal needle is thought to be theoretical risk. We report a case during combined spinal epidural anesthesia for a total hip replacement in which the clear fluid in the epidural catheter was found and tested to confirm the nature of fluid and migration of catheter by the dextrostix test and the immunoelectrophoresis test(prealbumin test).
Analgesia ; Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Anesthetics, Local* ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip ; Catheters ; Immunoelectrophoresis ; Needles

No abstract available.
Antibodies, Neutralizing* ; Feces* ; Rotavirus*

A case of Wegener's granulomatosis is described, with special attention focused on the typical histologic findings and involvement of both middle ear and lung. The patient is a 37-year-old man presented with four-month history of cough and sputum. He had a past history of surgery of both ears because of otitis media followed by left facial palsy. Chest radiographs showed variable sized ill defined nodules in both lower lobes with internal airspace consolidation. Histologic preparations of the open lung biopsy specimens demonstrated a diffusely scattered palisading micro and macrogranulomas with central focus of neutrophils and necrotic collagen surrounded by histiocytes, histiocytic giant cells. Fibrinoid necrosis involved blood vessels and lung parenchyma. Chronic inflammation, diffuse granulation tissue formation and irregular fibrosis are also found in the lung parenchyma. The histologic findings of middle ear which was previously biopsied showed scattered palisading ill defined microgranulomas mixed with fibrotic tissue.
Adult ; Biopsy ; Blood Vessels ; Collagen ; Cough ; Ear ; Ear, Middle* ; Facial Paralysis ; Fibrosis ; Giant Cells ; Granulation Tissue ; Granuloma ; Histiocytes ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Lung* ; Necrosis ; Neutrophils ; Otitis Media ; Radiography, Thoracic ; Sputum ; Vasculitis ; Wegener Granulomatosis*

Recently, nalbuphine has been used for reversal of opioid indueed respiratory depression. Because of its structural chsracter, nalbuphine has been known as a better nareotic antagonist with keeping analgesic potency and without considerable cardiovascular responses. Some investigators reported nalbuphine can decrease minimum alveolar concentration(MAC) of major inhalation anesthetic agents and can be a intravenous anesthetic adjuvant but can accompany several adverse reactions such as hypertension and tachycardia etc. To evaluate the eligibility and efficacy of nalbuphine as a intravenous narcotic adjuvant for cardiac anesthesia, we selected 24 adult cardiac patients and divided them into 3 groups. Valvular surgerys were performed for group I patients, aorto-coronary-bypass surgerys(CABG) for group II and correction of congenital heart disease for group III, respectively, All patients were inducted general anesthesia with 0.3 mg/kg nalbuphine+0.1 mg/kg diazepam+2 mg/kg thio- pental sodium and maintained with intermittent injection of 0.3-0.5 mg/kg nalbuphine and O.l mg/kg diazepam just before the time of most stressful surgical stimuli with 1/2 MAC halothane inhalation under vecuronization for muscle relaxation. We measured heart rate(HR), systolic blood pressure(BP), central venous pressure(CVP) at pre-induction as a control data, and just after endotracheal intubation, skin incision, sternotomy, and skin closure respectively to compare basic cardiovascular responses of patients at surgical stimuli with control data. We also checked recovery time of consciousness and presence of awareness during operation. The results were as follows: 1) Significant HR changes occurred in group I at just after intubation time from 104+/-18.6 to 134+/-25.9 and in group II from 83+/-10.5 to 115+/-32.3 respectively. 2) There were few significant changes of systolic blood pressure during anesthesia of all groups except just after intubation in group II from 135+/-32.8 torr to 168+/-37.9 torr.3) A significant CVP decrease occurred only in group I at the time of skin closure from 13+/-3. 5 cmHO to 10+/-3.8 cmH2O because of operative correction of tricuspid regurgitation of group I patients rather than anesthesia effects. 4) Recovery of consciousness needed average 1 hr 30 mins in group I and 2 hr 45 mins in group II. None of patients complained awareness during operations. Above results demonstrate that Nalbuphine-Diazepam-O2-1/2 MAC Halothane can be a anesthetic method for open heart surgery without any significant cardiovascular responses at surgical and anesthetic stimuli except intubation stimulus, but for more evaluation study of Nalbuphine-Diazepam-O2 Anesthesia will be needed.
Adult* ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General* ; Anesthetics ; Blood Pressure ; Consciousness ; Diazepam* ; Halothane* ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Heart* ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Inhalation ; Intubation ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Muscle Relaxation ; Nalbuphine* ; Research Personnel ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Skin ; Sodium ; Sternotomy ; Tachycardia ; Thoracic Surgery* ; Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency