OBJECTIVES: This study was intended to develop the Korean Depression Scale (KDS) which reflects our culture and custom. METHODS: Participants were 3,707 normal adults selected from 12 administrative districts (Do) and 142 depressed patients. Internal consistency was calculated and construct and discrimination validation were performed. And ROC analysis was used to testify diagnostic efficiency for depressed patient. RESULTS: KDS was proved to be a reliable instrument (Cronbach alpha=.95) and it consisted of 6 factors; Negative thinking toward the future, Negative thinking toward the self, Worry and agitation, Depressed mood, Somatization, and Loss of volition. Patients' KDS score mean was higher than normal group's significantly. Diagnostic efficiency was 73.1% and the male's full scale cutoff score was 65, female 70. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that KDS is a reliable and valid tool which reflects Korean culture and custom. And the KDS will be useful in diagnostic evaluation of depression and treatment outcome study.
Adult ; Depression* ; Dihydroergotamine ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Female ; Humans ; Korea* ; ROC Curve ; Thinking ; Treatment Outcome ; Volition

This paper reviewed models to explain memory and neuropsychological tests to assess memory. Memory was explained in cognitive and neuroanatomical perspectives, Cognitive model describes memory as structure and process. In structure model, memory is divided into three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory(working memory), and long-term memory. In process model, there are broadly three categories of memory process: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Memory process work in memory structure. There are two prominent models of the neuroanatomy of memory, derived from the work of Mishkin and Appenzeller and that of Squire and Zola-Morgan. These two models art the most useful for the clinician in part because they take into account the connections between the limbic and frontal cortical regions, The major difference between the two models concerns the role of the amygdala in memory processess. Mishkin and his colleagues believe that the amygdala plays a significant role while Squire and his colleagues do not, The most popular and widely used tests of memory ability such as WMS-R, AVLT, CVLT, RBMT, CFT, and BVRT-R, were reviewed.
Amygdala ; Memory* ; Memory, Long-Term ; Memory, Short-Term ; Neuroanatomy ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Neuropsychology*

OBJECTIVES: Family environment is important in treatment, course, relapse, and prognosis of psychiatric illnesses. Thus the evaluation of family structure and the family therapy is important in the investigation and treatment of psychopathology. This preliminary study was designed to attempt to verify the reliability and validity of a Korean version of Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale II(K-FACES II) which evaluate the adaptability and cohesion of family structures. METHOD: The translated FACES II which constructed a questionnaire composed of a total of 30 items was applied to 124 members from families with no psychiatric patient in Seoul and Pusan by random sampling. Then the authors extracted the factors which were able to compose the scale and evaluated the concurrent reliability. Also for the discriminative validity test, the authors selected 62 members, who have been no psychiatric history, of families with schizophrenic patient diagnosed with the criteria of DSM-IV who have been treated in Seoul National Mental Hospital and 60 members of families without schizophrenic patient in Seoul and Pusan for control. RESULT: The results were as follows: The authors extracted 5 subscales of emotional bonding, acceptability and sharing, participation, negotiation and satisfaction, responsibility and expectation of 'Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale' which constructed a questionnaire composed of a total of 23 items. Cronbach's alpha value of each subscale which show its internal consistency was .83, .75, .71, .75, .71 respectively. In the discriminative validity test, all subscales except 'responsibility and expectation' subscale significantly discriminated between family group with schizophrenic patient and control group. CONCLUSION: These findings confirmed the high reliability and validity of preliminary form of K-FACES II and suggest the possibility that K-FACES II could be a useful measure to evaluate the adaptability and cohesion of family structures. But we think that further study should be needed considering some limitations that 7 items were excluded and extracted factors could not be matched with FACES in factor analysis.
Busan ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Family Therapy ; Hospitals, Psychiatric ; Humans ; Negotiating ; Object Attachment ; Prognosis ; Psychopathology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Recurrence ; Reproducibility of Results* ; Schizophrenia ; Seoul

No abstract available.
Alcoholism* ; Mass Screening*

OBJECTIVE: Delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD) is a condition in which patients often fall asleep some hours after midnight and have difficulty waking up in the morning. Circadian chronotype questionnaires such as Horne-Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) and Basic Language Morningness (BALM) scale have been used for screening for DSPD. This study was to evaluate these two chronotype questionnaires for screening of DSPD. METHODS: The study samples were 444 DSPD and 438 controls. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated to evaluate for internal consistency. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted using principal-axis factoring. The diagnostic performance of a test was evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. A discriminant function analysis was also performed. RESULTS: For internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha of 0.898 for BALM was higher than the 0.837 for MEQ, though both have acceptable internal consistency. BALM has better construct validity than the MEQ because some MEQ items measure different dimensions. However, when we evaluated the efficiency of two questionnaires for DSPD diagnosis by using the ROC curve, the BALM was similar to the MEQ. In a discriminant analysis with the BALM to classify the two groups (DSPD vs. normal), 6 items were identified that resulted in good classification accuracy. Upon examination of the classification procedure, 94.2% of the originally grouped cases were classified correctly. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the BALM has better psychometric properties than the MEQ in screening and discriminating DSPS.
Circadian Rhythm ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Psychometrics ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; ROC Curve

OBJECTIVE: Various lesions including tumors occupying in the presellar and suprasellar regions have been traditionally removed by the transcranial approach. The new modified transsphenoidal approaches(TSAs) have been proposed to avoid the craniotomy and to get better surgical view. MATERIALS AND PATIENTS: The sellar floor and presellar anterior cranial fossa were removed through the sublabial transseptal transsphenoidal technique in the "transsphenoidal supradiaphragmatic intradural approach". One tuberculum sella meningioma and a suprasellar Rathke's cleft cyst confined to the pituitary stalk were removed via this approach. RESULTS: The dissection of the anterior intercavernous sinus, diaphragma sella, and arachnoid membrane allowed a wide surgical field of pre- and suprasellar areas and facilitated a safe removal of lesions without significant surgical complications in our cases. CONCLUSION: From the authors' limited experience, the advantages of this technique are as follows: 1) it can be easily applicable through a minor modification of the standard TSA, 2) excellent anatomical exposure of the structures located in the supradiaphragmatic suprasellar cistern, and 3) might be suitable to remove small lesions located in the presellar and adjacent to the pituitary stalk region.
Arachnoid ; Cranial Fossa, Anterior ; Craniotomy ; Humans ; Membranes ; Meningioma ; Pituitary Gland

No abstract available.
Citric Acid* ; Nephritis*

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop a culturally sensitive instrument that addressed how individuals express and experience depression to detect this disorder in Koreans. We also assessed the validity, reliability, and diagnostic utility of this scale (Lee and Rhee Depression Scale; LRDS). METHODS: The sample consisted of 3,697 normal adults selected from 12 administrative districts (Do) and 448 Korean patients diagnosed with depression using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders (SCID-I). Reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha. Construct validity, discriminant validity, and concurrent validity were also measured. Receiver-operator-characteristic (ROC) analysis was employed to evaluate diagnostic efficiency. RESULTS: The LRDS was found to be a reliable instrument (Cronbach's alpha=0.95) consisting of six factors: negative thinking about the future, negative thinking about the self, worry and agitation, depressed mood, somatization, and loss of volition. Comparison of LRDS scores discriminated the group of patients with depression from the normal individuals in the control group. The measure showed good concurrent validity in that scores were significantly and strongly correlated with scores on established scales such as the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), and the D scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-second edition (MMPI-2). Diagnostic efficiency was 77.7%, and the cut-off scores were 65 for males and 70 for females. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first study to develop a depression-screening scale on the basis of Korean patients' complaints about the disorder. As a culturally sensitive tool, the LRDS will be useful in clinical and research settings in Korea.
Adult ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Depression ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Dihydroergotamine ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Minnesota ; Thinking ; Volition ; Weights and Measures

The gene for tyrosinase has been mapped to the long arm of chromosome 11 at 11q14-21. The gene is at least 50Kb in length and its coding region is divided into five exons. Until now several mutations of the tyrosinase gene have been identifed in patient with typical oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) who are responsible for tyrosinase negative OCA. It may be possible to determine the types of OCA by measuring the hairbulb tyrosinase activity. Hairbulb tyrosinase activity was examined in a Korean albino to determine the type of OCA. And also tyrosinase assay was carried out in normally pigmented individuals and all members of a Korean albino's family to examine the tyrosinase activities. Five exons of tyrosinase gene from a Korean albino were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Each amplified exon segments were independently subcloned and DNA sequences of clones were determined. The results obtained were as follows : 1. A Korean albino had no measurable hairbulb tyrosinase activity and was identified as type IA (tyrosinase negative) oculocutaneous albinism. 2. Normally pigmented individuals had different ranges of hairbulb tyrosinase activity. 3. A Korean albino had two single base insertions within exon V (between 337bp and 338bp, 353bp and 354bp) of tyrosinase gene. These insertional mutations might disrupt tyrosinase function and were associated with a total lack of melanin biosynthesis.
Albinism* ; Albinism, Oculocutaneous ; Arm ; Base Sequence ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 ; Clinical Coding ; Clone Cells ; Exons ; Humans ; Melanins ; Monophenol Monooxygenase* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction

OBJECTIVE: The purposes of this study were to clarify the roles of personality characteristics and general psychopathology, including depression and hypochondriasis, in individuals with eating disorders, and to test a continuum hypothesis of eating disorders. METHODS: Using a multi-stage questionnaire sampling method including area sampling, proportionated stratified sampling, and quota sampling, we surveyed 3,062 subjects(1249 males and 1813 females) from a target of 4,400 Korean adults over the age of 18 in a nationwide area(9 ku's, 10 middle or small cities, and 17 kun's). We used the questionnaire which consisted of three parts:general information, scales for eating traits, and scales for personality characteristics and other general psychopathology. RESULTS: Psychoticism was the only personality characteristics which had a significant relationship with various eating traits including 'eating habits'(r=-0.3195), 'the Eating Attitudes Test'(EAT, r=0.3657), and 'preference for vegetables and fish, and dislike for sweet,tasting foods'(r=-0.2740). Lie scale also had a significant relationship with 'preference for snacks and instant foods'(r=-0.2117). These results were consistent in examining the relationships across genders. In female, there was a significant relationship between 'preference for the traditional Korean foods' and 'psychoticism'(r=-0.2103) in addtion to above relationships. However, there were no significant relationships between any of the eating traits and other psychopathology. Relative to the relationship between personality characteristics and general psychopathology, there were significant correlations between 'depression' and 'interoversion-extraversion'(r=-0.2174), 'depression' and 'neuroticism'(r=0.4510>, and 'hypochondriasis' and 'neuroticism'(r=0.3432). These correlations in female was the same as those of the total group, while among males, 'depression' was significantly correlated with all four personality characteristics, and 'hypochondriasis' was significantly correlated with 'interoversion-extraversion'(r=-0.2265) and 'neuroticism'(r=0.3762). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that psychoticism is the only personaltiy characteristics related to eating-specific psychopathology, while general psychopathology, such as depression and hypochondriasis is not related to eating pathology but may influence eating disorders by their interaction with other personality characteristics, such as interoversion-extraversion and neuroticism. Considering the results of previous studies in the patients with eating disorders and high risk groups, which are similar with our results in the general population, our results support a continuum hypothesis of eating disorders. Our results also suggest that gender differences in the pathology of eating disorders are the result not of difference in eating-specific pathology itself but through difference in influences of concurrent general psychopathology, such as depression and hypochondriasis.
Adult ; Depression ; Feeding and Eating Disorders ; Eating* ; Female ; Humans ; Hypochondriasis ; Male ; Pathology ; Psychopathology* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Snacks ; Vegetables ; Weights and Measures