No abstract available.
Hydranencephaly*

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to understand the hand-on breast massage techniques used by well-known experts in breastfeeding clinics. METHODS: A qualitative multiple-case design was applied that involved a feasibility test. Four experts sampling qualitative data collected by observing participants and in individual interviews were analyzed by content analysis, linking data to the propositions, and cross-case pattern matching. This study explored differences within and between cases, and the possibilities of replicating findings across cases. Thirty-nine postpartum women participated voluntarily in the feasibility test, which investigated the usability of four massage techniques. RESULTS: The four techniques showed considerable similarities in terms of the application of stimulation to the breast base and increased flexibility of the wired flexible body, which was the core mechanism underlying the techniques. The breast management strategies were consistent with existing practice guidelines with the exception of using cold cabbage to control engorgement pain. There was insufficient scientific evidence for supporting the massage techniques used by the experts. All of the techniques showed 100% education completeness, but application rates were higher for self-control-oriented techniques. CONCLUSION: The massage techniques applied by experts in breastfeeding were based on hypotheses and self-control techniques are feasible to apply in practice.
Brassica ; Breast Feeding* ; Breast* ; Education ; Massage* ; Pliability ; Postpartum Period ; Self-Control

No abstract available.
Coronary Artery Disease* ; Coronary Vessels* ; Risk Factors*

No abstract available.
Gastrointestinal Diseases*

During the laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the ventilatory and hemodynamic changes could occur due to the peritoneal insufflation of CO2 as well as the position change. Various sults of the relationship between arterial and end-tidal PCO2 in different conditions have been reported. The authars studied to determine how closely end-tidal PCO2 reflects arterial PCO2 before, during, and after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Peak inspiratory airway pressures, arterial blood pressures and heart rates were also measured simultaneously. Peritoneal insufflation of CO2 resulted in significant increase in peak inspiratory airway pressure and arterial blood pressure, but there were no significant changes in heart rates. Arterial and end-tidal PCO2 increased during laproscopy and, although there was no statistical significance in P(a-ET)CO2, P(a-ET)CO2 increased during laparoscopy and retumed to perinsufflation level after deflation of CO2. There was positive correlation between arterial and end-tidal PCO2 before CO2 insufflation, 10 minutes after CO2 insufflation and 10 minutes after deflation of CO2. However there was no correlation at 30 and 50 minutes after CO2 insufflation. These results suggested that the arterial PCO2 could not reflect end-tidal PCO2 exactly, and intermittent arterial blood gas studies should be warranted during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Arterial Pressure ; Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic* ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics ; Insufflation ; Laparoscopy

This study was carried out with 436 college students in Chungnam to investigate the relationship between residences and eating patterns of college students. The subjects were devided into two groups; those who live in self-boarding house(SB) and home with parents(HWP). The results were as follows. An average height, weight and BMI were 173.5cm, 66.0kg and 21.9 in male SB and 161.8cm, 50.2kg and 19.2 in female SB and 172.9cm, 67.6kg and 22.6 in male HWP and 161.2cm, 50.9kg and 19.6 in female HWP, respectively. There were no significant differences in the general characteristics between the SB and the HWP. The proportions of disease possession, vitamin/mineral supplements and physical exercise were not significantly different between two groups by residences. Sleeping time of the SB was longer than that of the HWP. And, frequency of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking of the SB were higher than those of the HWP. The proportions of skipping meals in the SB were higher than those in the HWP. Approximately 40.42% of the SB tended to skip the breakfast, while 11.26% of the HWP did. It turns out that the most common reason why skipped meals was due to a eating habit(44.21%) in the SB and a lack of time(48.85%) in the HWP, respectively. The survey shows that while a great majority of the SB had lunch at campus(50.00%) and home(30.00%), the HWP ate lunch at campus(33.79%) and restaurant(33.33%). About 48% of the SB ate out more than 2~3 times a week compared to 42% of the HWP. The daily intakes of calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B2, niacin and vitamin C in the SB were significantly higher than those in the HWP. The percent RDAs of calcium and iron intakes were lower in female students than in male students. In conclusions, students of self-boarding had more dietary problems than students of home with parents. These results suggest that college students of self-boarding might have low ability of meal management. Therefore, nutrition education for college students is needed, and menus of campus cafeterias should be developed to meet the various needs of students.
Alcohol Drinking ; Ascorbic Acid ; Breakfast ; Calcium ; Chungcheongnam-do* ; Eating* ; Education ; Exercise ; Female ; Humans ; Iron ; Lunch ; Male ; Meals ; Niacin ; Parents* ; Riboflavin ; Smoking ; Vitamin A

BACKGROUND: Studies in animals suggest that pipecuronium dose not induce hemodynamic chan-ges related to histamine release or to an effect on the autonomic nervous system. Therefore the effects of bolus administration of large doses of pipecuronium, up to 0.20 mg/kg, on the intubation condition, onset and duration of neuromuscular blockade, heart rate and blood pressure were studied during fentanyl- nitrous oxide anesthesia. METHOD: Forty adults were randomly assigned to receive a bolus injection of either 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 mg/kg of pipecuronium. Neuromuscular blockade was measured using mechanomyographic activity of the adductor pollicis muscle after supramaximal stimulation of the ulnar nerve. Four subgroups of 10 patients received pipecuronium doses of 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 mg/kg, respectively, as an intubating dose. RESULTS: The times of onset and clinical duration (mean sem) after each dose were as follows: 0.05 mg/kg, 2.98 0.42 and 41.5 2.42 min; 0.10 mg/kg, 1.54 0.06 and 82.9 7.48 min; 0.15 mg/kg, 1.41 0.14 and 124.8 13.1 min; 0.20 mg/kg, 1.12 0.05 and 187.1 12.8 min. The intubation condition, time of onset and duration after doses of 0.05 mg/kg were significantly different from values after the higer doses. The duration was increased with dose-increments. No dose-related changes in heart rate or blood pressure were observed. CONCLUSION: The authors conclude that dose of 0.10 mg/kg and over has good intubation condition clinically and large bolus dose of pipecuronium can be safely used with a significantly prolonged duration of action without hemodynamic change.
Adult* ; Anesthesia ; Animals ; Autonomic Nervous System ; Blood Pressure ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics ; Histamine Release ; Humans ; Intubation ; Intubation, Intratracheal* ; Neuromuscular Blockade ; Nitrous Oxide ; Pipecuronium* ; Ulnar Nerve

PURPOSE: To examine the putative seizure-protective properties of ketamine in lithium-pilocarpine induced status epilepticus (LPSE). METHODS: Lithium chloride followed 24 h later by pilocarpine was administered for seizure induction. Ketamine (40 mg/kg) or phenytoin (50 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 10 min or 60 min after the onset of continuous ictal discharge. Then the seizure behavior and EEG were observed and histological changes were compared through Nissl stain at 72 hours. RESULTS: The antiepileptic effect of ketamine, injected during the early stages of LPSE (10 min after the onset of continuous ictal discharge), was comparable to that of phenytoin. Ketamine was more effective than phenytoin in decreasing spike frequency, when administered on the plateau of LPSE (injection 60 min after onset of continuous ictal discharge electrographically). Anticonvulsant action of ketamine was confirmed by a less neuronal injury in hippocampus compared with control rats injected with phenytoin. CONCLUSIONS: In prolonged status epilepticus rat model, ketamine was effective as an antiepileptic, but phenytoin was not. Ketamine was also neuroprotective on the neuronal injury in the hippocampus. These results suggest that ketamine might be useful as an antiepileptic drug when standard antiepileptic drugs fail in the treatment of the refractory cases of status epilepticus.
Animals ; Anticonvulsants ; Electroencephalography ; Hippocampus ; Ketamine* ; Lithium Chloride ; Models, Animal* ; Neurons ; Neuroprotective Agents* ; Phenytoin ; Pilocarpine ; Rats* ; Seizures ; Status Epilepticus*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of each phases in two and three phase spiral CT in the detection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two phase spiral CT images of 18 patients and three phasespiral CT images of 12 patients with pathologically-proven pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma were retrospectively compared. Using a single spiral scan, images of early and delayed phases were obtained at 43 seconds and 2 ~ 3 minutes respectively initiating the after administration of 100-120 cc of contrast material (2 ~ 3 cc/sec),Images of arterial, portal and delayed phases were also obtained at 25 and 60 seconds, and 3 ~ 4 minutes,respectively, by the use of a double spiral scan. CT scans were performed with 10 mm collimation at 1 : 1 pitchtable speed. Contrast between the tumor and adjacent pancreatic parenchyma were compared and graded and enhancement pattern of the tumor were analysed together. RESULTS: In 12 patients (66.7%), images of the earlyphase were superior to those of the delayed phase. images of the portal phase were superior to those of thearterial phase. Enhancement of tumor was seen in four patients ; all tumors were less than 3cm in size. CONCLUSION: The early phase of two phase spiral CT is superior to the delayed phase and the portal phase of three phasespiral CT is superior to the arterial phase. Both arterial and portal phases are superior to the delayed phase.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Humans ; Pancreatic Ducts ; Tomography, Spiral Computed* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

This study was conducted among the university students to investigate the effects of working in an daytime and studying in an evening class on dietary behaviors and nutrient intakes. A 24-hour recall method was used along with food frequency questionnaires. The subjects were composed of three groups : 172 were in the daytime calss regular student group(RS), 178 were evening class students without a job(ESWOJ), and 140 were evening class students with a job(ESWJ). An average age of the ESWJ was 31 years old, which was 9 years older than the RS and 7 years older than the ESWOJ. The types of the residence were significantly different among the groups ; were seif-boarding 74% of the ESWJ stayed at home while 47% of the RS were self-boarding and 61% of the ESWOJ. The survey shows that while a great majority of the RS and ESWOJ has breakfast and supper at home, about 10% and 17% of the ESWJ ate breakfast and supper, respectively, at the cafeteria in their work place. The most frequently skipped meal was the breakfast in all groups. Approximately 9% of the ESWJ tended to skip the breakfast, while 27% of the RS and 33% of the ESWOJ did. It turns out that the mose common reason why ESWJ skipped meals was due to a lack of time. About 71% of the ESWJ ate out more than once a week compared to 57% and 62% of the RS and ESWOJ, respectively. Approximately 30% of the ESWJ ate out more than once a week compared to 57% and 62% of the RS and ESWOJ, respectively. Approximately 30% of the ESWJ spent less than 10 minutes at meal time, showing a hurried eating habit. The results show that the ESWJ tended to eat a variety of food s and eat less instant foods, but drink coffee more often compared to the other two groups. The results also show that in all groups, the intakes of energy, Ca, and vitamin A were lower than the Korean Recommended Daily Allowances(RDA). In addition to these nutrients, protein, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, and niacin were also lower than the RDA in all make students, and Fe was lower than the RDA in all female students. Among the deficient nutrients, vitamin A showed the lowest % RDA : 48% in the male and 64% in the female students. Among the deficient nutrients, vitamin A showed the lowest % RDA ; 48% in the male and 64% in the female students. The intakes of Ca, Fe, and niacin in the ESWJ were significantly greater than those in the RS and ESWOJ groups, and the vitamin C intake in the ESWJ was greater than that in the ESWOJ(p<0.01). In conclusion, university students in all three groups have a serious imbalance in the nutrient intakes, and the evening class students with a daytime job have unhealthy dietary behaviors in the light of high frequency of eating out and heavy coffee drinking, a rushed eating pattern, and therefore showing a strong need of proper nutritional education for them.
Adult ; Ascorbic Acid ; Breakfast ; Child ; Coffee ; Drinking ; Eating ; Education ; Female ; Food ; Humans ; Male ; Meals ; Niacin ; Riboflavin ; Thiamine ; Vitamin A ; Workplace ; Surveys and Questionnaires