BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disorder. Osteoporosis has emerged as a leading public health problem with elderly persons and its detection is important for prevention and treatment of fracture. this population-based study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of osteoporosis in the elderly women. METHODS: One hundred thirty eight women aged 60 years or older in rural area were investigated with questionnaires and measurements of height, weight. Bone mineral density(BMD) measurements of lumbar spine and femoral neck were made with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA). The World Health Organization criteria for diagnosis of osteoporosis using the manufacturer's young adult population mean and our study young population mean have been applied. Our study's young adult population mean was derived using normal premenopausal 37 women aged 30~45 years. RESULTS: The prevalence of osteoporosis was 45.7% for lumbar spine, 13.0% for femoral neck by the manufacture's young adult mean and 63.0% and 34.8% by our study young adult population mean, respectively. Weight and smoking were associated with lumbar spine BMD. Age was associated with femoral neck BMD. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the prevalence of osteoporosis is dependant on reference population mean and measurement site.
Aged* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Femur Neck ; Humans ; Osteoporosis* ; Prevalence* ; Public Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Spine ; World Health Organization ; Young Adult

The purpose of this study was to synthesize the literature on the sex education programs for Korean college students and to provide a basis for developing effective sex education programs for this population. Methods: Whittemore and Knafl's integrative review method guided this review of studies conducted from 2000 to 2019. Articles were identified through three electronic databases and scholarly web sites. Fifteen articles met the inclusion criteria. Results: Three studies were descriptive, and 12 described interventions. In most of the reviewed studies, sexual knowledge, sexual attitudes, and sexual autonomy improved after sex education interventions. Before providing sex education, the researchers assessed student's needs for sex education and the various topics provided through sex education programs. Conclusion: When developing sex education programs, we need to a) focus on practical sexual knowledge including contraceptive methods, b) provide repeated and continuous education of a sufficient duration, c) provide comprehensive sex education beyond biological sex, and d) use various teaching methods to allow participants to gain a better understanding. Additionally, sex education should be conducted by experts such as nurses or trained educators to provide systematic and comprehensive education for young adults.

Serial changes of serum IgE, IgG, eosinophils were observed in 25 patients with acute myocaridial infarction and 20 ischemic heart disease without evidence of acute myocardial infarction and evaluated in terms of several parameters and its clinical significance. The results observed were as follows : 1) Serum IgE levels were propgressively elevated from the first hospital day(259+/-3IU/ml) up to peak level of the fifth hospital day(415+/-2IU/ml) and progressively lowered and returned to almost same level as the first hospital day on the twenty first hospital day. On the other hand control group showed significantly lower IgE levels throughout all hospital day and also did not showed serial change. 2) In the patient group with the initial serum IgE level above 200IU/m; showed significantly lower level of serum SGOT, CPK level than the group of below 200IU/ml group. This suggests the initial serum IgE level might have some correlation of the extent of myocardial necrosis. 3) In patients of acute myocardial infarction, ejection fraction was checked at discharge. Initial serum IgE level above 200IU/ml group showed significantly higher ejection fraction than below 200IU/ml group(59.4+/-13.5% vs 38.4+/-13.7%). 4) Serum IgE was checked concomittantly with serum IgE. It showed slightly decreasing tendency at third hospital day but not statistically significant. Eosinophil changed similar pattern as serum IgE but it was also not statistically significant. In conclusion, serial checking of serum IgE level in patient of acute myocardial infarction may give some help in prediction the clinical course and prognosis.
Aspartate Aminotransferases ; Eosinophils ; Hand ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E* ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulins* ; Infarction ; Myocardial Infarction* ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Necrosis ; Prognosis

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to (a) synthesize nursing education literature using a smartphone for Korean nursing college students based on Whittemore and Knafl's integrative five-step review method and to (b) evaluate the quality appraisal of each article using Gough's weight of evidence. METHODS: Articles published in Korea were identified through electronic search engines and scholarly websites using a combination of three search terms, including nursing student, smartphone, and education. Scientific, peer-reviewed articles in nursing education for Korean college nursing students, written in Korean or in English, and published between January 2000 and May 2018 were included in this review. Thirteen papers met the inclusion criteria and had above average ratings in quality appraisals. RESULTS: Three characteristics related to nursing education using a smartphone were derived: (a) as a familiar media, motivating learning and enabling self-directed learning, (b) for the purpose of education or evaluation utilizing the educational movie of application, and (c) the iterative exercise of smartphone usage reinforces student learning. CONCLUSION: Smartphone use is an effective tool for improving nursing knowledge and skills for nursing college students in nursing education. Future research is needed to standardize smartphone applications across schools for nursing education.
Education ; Education, Nursing* ; Humans ; Korea* ; Learning ; Methods ; Nursing* ; Search Engine ; Smartphone* ; Students, Nursing

No abstract available.
Tibia*

Purpose: The electronic frailty index (eFI), which is derived from electronic health records, has been recommended as screening tool for frailty due to its accessibility and ease of use. The objective of this systematic review was to identify the prevalence of frailty assessed by the eFI and its influence on health outcomes in older adults with chronic diseases. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, SCOPUS, Cochrane, Google search, and nursing journals in Korean from January 2016 to December 2022. Results: Twelve studies were analyzed. The eFI score, based on routine clinical data, was associated with adverse health outcomes. The most frequent outcome studied was mortality, and the eFI was associated with increased mortality in nine studies. Other outcomes studied included hospitalization, length of stay, readmission, and institutionalization in relation to hospital care usage, and cardiovascular events, stroke, GI bleeding, falls, and instrumental activities of daily life as health conditions. Conclusion Early identification of frailty in older adults with chronic diseases can decrease the burden of disease and adverse health outcomes. The eFI has a good discriminative capacity to identify frail older adults with chronic diseases.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate parents' perception and behaviors in the case of a child safety accident. METHODS: The participants were 254 parents of children under 12 years old. Data were collected from October 12 to November 25, 2016 using self-report questionnaire. RESULTS: The mean score for parental perception and behaviors showed a high score of 3.12±0.30. In addition, the top three categories were drug management (3.45±0.54), prevention of burns (3.34±0.52), and vehicle safety (3.34±0.44). The overall difference in categories of perception and behaviors about child safety accidents according to demographic characteristics of participants, was developmental age (F=5.616, p=.004). Most of the categories had significant correlation with other categories. CONCLUSION: Findings in this study show parental perception and behaviors were relatively high. It is recommended that safety education for parents should be done for a healthy life for their children.
Burns ; Child* ; Education ; Humans ; Parents

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to review sexual abuse prevention education program for Korean elementary school students.METHODS: Whittemore and Knafl's integrative review methods were used and Gough's weight of evidence was employed as a quality appraisal tool. Articles published in Korean or English were identified through electronic search engines and scholarly web sites using three keywords: “elementary school student”, “sexual abuse”, and “prevention education”. Peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2018 were included in this review.RESULTS: Twelve articles met the inclusion criteria and were appraised as being high-quality. Among the 12 selected studies, seven were descriptive, while five were intervention studies. Sexual abuse prevention education programs were effective in improving perceptions, knowledge, attitudes, and preventive behaviors among elementary school students. However, deficiencies were found in the variety of educational methods, utilization of experts, and standardization of the content of sexual abuse prevention education.CONCLUSION: We need to provide various educational methods that are appropriate for specific developmental stages, and the sexual abuse prevention content should draw upon the current sexual education program administered to this population. Furthermore, parents and trained teachers or school health teachers should be included to provide effective education programs for elementary students.
Child ; Child Abuse, Sexual ; Education ; Humans ; Korea ; Parents ; School Health Services ; Search Engine ; Sex Offenses

PURPOSE: Ghrelin, a 28-amino-acid peptide predominantly produced by the stomach, is endogenous ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor and potent stimulator of growth hormone. Ghrelin is also proposed to be orexigenic peptide that induce weight gain by increasing food intake. In general, ghrelin level increase preprandially and decrease after meals and ghrelin is reduced in obese, insulin resistance adults. There is a few available data of ghrelin level in obese children. The aim of this study was to determine whether there was difference of serum ghrelin level between obese and lean children and to evaluate the relationship between ghrelin and insulin resistance. METHODS: The study population consisted of 104 Children (65 males and 39 females) aged 8.0 to 15.0 years. We measured serum glucose and lipid profiles after 8 hr of fasting. Serum insulin and ghrelin were measured by radioimmunoassay. We compared serum ghrelin level between 52 obese children whose body mass index (BMI) greater than the 95th percentile for age and sex and 31 lean children and evaluated the relationship of ghrelin with BMI, fasting glucose, lipid profile and insulin resistance. We also compared serum ghrelin level of fasting and two-hour postprandial state by oral glucose tolerance test in 23 obese children. RESULTS: Mean serum ghrelin concentrations were 445.4 pg/mL in obese children, 504.9 pg/mL in lean children, but not different significantly. The decrease in serum ghrelin with advancing pubertal stage was significantly marked between prepuberty and overt puberty group (P<0.05). The fasting serum ghrelin concentration were negatively associated with height (r=-0.25, P<0.05), weight (r=-0.28, P<0.01), BMI (r=-0.21, P<0.05), fasting insulin concentration (r=-0.27, P<0.01) and HOMA-IR (r=-0.24, P<0.05). After two-hour postprandial state in obese children group, serum ghrelin level were decreased than fasting state (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Serum ghrelin had no significant difference between obese and lean children but negatively correlated with body mass index and ghrelin were associated with fasting insulin concentration and HOMA-IR. This findings suggest that ghrelin is regulated by feeding state and also modulated by insulin secretion.
Adolescent* ; Adult ; Blood Glucose ; Body Mass Index ; Child* ; Eating ; Fasting ; Ghrelin* ; Glucose ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Growth Hormone ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance* ; Insulin* ; Male ; Meals ; Obesity ; Puberty ; Radioimmunoassay ; Receptors, Ghrelin ; Stomach ; Weight Gain

Purpose : The main genetic contribution to type 1 diabetes susceptibility is the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II gene. Several non-HLA chromosomal regions are also known to be involved. We studied the association of HLA class II and non-HLA candidate genes, which are cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA4), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), lymphotoxin-alpha(LT-alpha, and vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene, polymorphisms with disease susceptibility in Korean children with type 1 diabetes.Methods : Fifty Korean children with type 1 diabetes (29 girls and 21 boys) and 166 healthy Koreans were investigated in this study. HLA class II alleles were determined by PCR-SSP (sequence-specific primer) and PCR-SSOP (sequence specific oliogonucleotide probe) method. CTLA4 exon 1 polymor phism was analyzed by PCR-SSCP (single strand conformation polymorphism), and TNF promotor and LT-alphagene polymorphism by PCR-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism), respectively. VDR gene polymorphisms were analyzed by PCR-RFLP using restriction enzyme FokI, ApaI, TaqI, and BsmI. Results : The frequencies of HLA-DRB1*04, DRB1*09, and DQB1*04 were significantly increased and those of HLA-DRB1*14, DRB1*15, DQB1*05 and DQB1*06 were significantly decreased in the patients with type 1 diabetes compared with the control subjects. No significant differences in the distribution of CTLA4 exon 1, TNF promotor, LT-alpha and VDR gene polymorphisms were observed between the patients with type 1 diabetes and the control subjects. Conclusion : These data suggest that HLA-DRB1*04, DRB1*09, and DQB1*04 are susceptible genes for type 1 diabetes, whereas HLA-DRB1*14, DRB1*15, DQB1*05, and DQB1*06 are protective genes in Korean children. CTLA4 exon 1, TNF promotor, LT-alpha and VDR gene polymorphisms are not associated with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in Korean children.
Alleles ; Child* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1* ; Disease Susceptibility* ; Exons ; Female ; Genes, MHC Class II ; Humans ; Leukocytes ; Lymphocytes ; Receptors, Calcitriol ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha