To evaluate the results and clinical impact of defecography in patients with anorectal diseases, 304 defecographic examinations from 304 patients were reviewed. The defecographic results were screened for the anorectal angle and perineal descent at rest, squeezing and during straining. Changes of rectal configuration and canal width during straining were reviewed. 304 patients had defecation problems such as terminal constipation, defecation defficulty, blood or mucus discharge, tenesmus, obstruction sensation etc. They were performed anorectal physical examination and anal manometry etc., and were later treated by operation and conservative management. Normal anorectal angle were measured to be 101°, 91°, 131°at rest, during squeezing and straining respectively. In the spastic pelvic floor syndrome, increase of anorectal angle less than 10 ° from rest to straining was observed. Incontinent patients had a larger anorectal angle (mean: 128°) at rest. 7.8cm of perineal descent was found in descending perineal syndrome in comparison to 4.0cm in normal. Normal anal canal width was measured 1.4cm only during straining but identified in incontinent patients at rest (mean:1.2cm). Abnormal rectal configuration was found in 254 defecographic examinations: rectoceles were observed in 235 cases and were associated with rectal prolapse in 115 cases, and rectal prolapses were found in 134 cases. In conclusion, the anorectal angle was valuable in evaluation of spastic pelvic floor syndrome and fecal incontinence. Degree of perineal descent was abnormally increased in descending perineal syndrome. In the cases of the rectoceles and rectal prolapses, defecography is helpful in preoperative evaluation of rectal wall change and postoperative follow up.
Anal Canal ; Constipation ; Defecation ; Defecography* ; Fecal Incontinence ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Manometry ; Mucus ; Muscle Spasticity ; Pelvic Floor ; Physical Examination ; Rectal Prolapse ; Rectocele ; Sensation

No abstract available.

This study was conducted to evaluate the eating behavior and to analyze the various factors affecting eating behavior among middle school students. The subjents consisted of 212 middle school students(106 boys and 106 girls between 13-14 years) residing in Seoul. A questionnaire was used as the questionnaire consisted of four parts : the socio-demographic characteristics of the subjects, value toward food and nutrition, diet diversity(the number of food items) and eating behavior. Results showed that fifty three point five percent of males and fifty seven percent of females skipped breakfast. The main reason for skipping breakfast was shortage of time. Fifty five percent of the total number of subjects stated that they had more than two plasant meals a day. The number of food items eaten was significantly higher in males than in females. In only 16.4% of total subjects(18.5% of male and 14.2% of female), the primary pursuit in having meals was not to satisfy hunger but to consider nutrition and health. The eating behavior of the adolescents showed that 65% of the subjects had a 'good' eating behavior score and 17.4% had scores of 'excellent' and 'poor' respectively. The existence of parents, the economic level of the family, and concern of health and nutrition affected the eating behavior score. The less the subject skipped breakfast, the greater they placed a value toward food and nutrition. Value toward food and nutrition had a significant influence on their eating behavior. Those who placed a value toward food and nutrition had a higher eating behavior. Those who placed a value toward food and nutrition had a higher eating eating behavior. As a result of the multiple regression analysis, factors affecting eating behavior were 'pleasant meal' , 'the value toward food and nutrition' and 'the numbers of food items' in order(R2=0.2984).
Adolescent ; Breakfast ; Diet ; Eating* ; Feeding Behavior* ; Female ; Humans ; Hunger ; Male ; Meals ; Parents ; Seoul* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to explore whether CDCA derivatives induce apoptosis in a stomach cancer cell line, and to dissect the detailed mechanism underlying apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The human stomach cancer cell line, SNU-1, cells were treated with the synthetic CDCA derivatives, HS-1199 and HS-1200. DNA and mitochondrial stains were used to detect apoptotic cells by fluorescence imaging or flow cytometry. The caspase-3 activity was measured by Western blotting. RESULTS: Both the HS-1199 and HS-1200 induced decreased viabilities of the SNU-1 cells, in time-dependent manners. The CDCA derivatives demonstrated various apoptosis hallmarks, such as mitochondrial changes reduction of MMP, cytochrome c release, and Smac/ DIABLO translocation), activation of caspase-3 (resulting in the degradation of PARP and DFF45), DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation. CONCLUSION: The CDCA derivatives, HS-1199 and HS- 1200, both induced apoptosis of the SNU-1 gastric cancer cells in caspase- and mitochondria-dependent fashions. Many important issues relating to their therapeutic applications remain to be elucidated.
Apoptosis* ; Blotting, Western ; Caspase 3 ; Caspases ; Cell Line* ; Chenodeoxycholic Acid ; Coloring Agents ; Cytochromes c ; DNA ; DNA Fragmentation ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Mitochondria ; Optical Imaging ; Stomach Neoplasms* ; Stomach*

Flatfoot is a common foot disorder. Some modifications by orthotic shoes for the flatfoot have been prescribed, however their effectivenesses are not fully proven yet. We have tried to validate the effectivenesses of conventional orthotic shoes for the flatfoot patients. We assessed the static and dynamic pressure, dynamic pressure-time integral, and relative impulse with and without wearing orthotic shoes. Thirteen subjects with the flatfoot were included in this study. The results showed the positive effects of orthotic shoes for the subjects. Especially the dynamic pressure-time integral values revealed the significantly reduced values at the medial side of midfoot, which meant the functional improvement of flatfoot status. We have concluded that the use of conventional orthotic shoes for the flat foot patients would be effective for properly selected patients, if there is no other associated abnormality.
Flatfoot* ; Foot* ; Humans ; Shoes*

Most of nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses lymphoma reported in Korea is either diffuse large Bcell lymphoma or natural killer/T-cell lymphoma. There are only three cases of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALTOMA), which has so far been reported only in a Korea journal and all of which have occurred in the nasal cavity and in the turbinate. We experienced a case of MALTOMA of ethmoid sinus extending to the orbital cavity. It was confirmed by the findings of immunohistochemical staining (positive with CD20, Bcl-2, and Granzyme B, negative with CD5, CD56, Bcl-6 and Cyclin D1). The patient underwent radiation therapy and the lesion was successfully resolved without recurrence for 16 months.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the torque onset angle (TOA) of the isokinetic test for knee extensors in the paretic side and walking related balance in subacute stroke patients. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients with first-ever strokes who have had at least two isokinetic tests within 6 months of onset. 102 patients satisfied the inclusion criteria. The characteristics of walking related balance were measured with the Berg Balance Scale sub-score (sBBS), Timed Up and Go test (TUG), 10-m Walk Test (10MWT) and Functional Independence Measure sub-score (sFIM). The second isokinetic test values of the knee extensor such as peak torque, peak torque to weight ratio, hamstring/quadriceps ratio, TOA, torque stop angle, torque at 30 degrees, and peak torque asymmetry ratio between paretic and non-paretic limb were also taken into account. Pearson’s correlation, simple regression and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the correlation between TOA and walking related balance. Results: TOA of the knee extensor of the paretic limb showed significant correlations with BBS, sBBS, TUG, 10MWT, and sFIM according to Pearson’s correlation analysis. TOA also had moderate to good correlations with walking related balance parameters in partial correlation analysis. In multiple regression analysis, TOA of the paretic knee extensor was significantly associated with walking related balance parameters. Conclusion This study demonstrated that TOA of the paretic knee extensor is a predictable parameter of walking related balance. Moreover, we suggest that the ability to recruit muscle quickly is important in walking related balance.

OBJECTIVE: Alendronate, a widely used bisphosphonates, acts to inhibit bone resorption by interfering with the activity of osteoclasts. Recently, it has been reported that alendronate also may increase bone proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation. However, little is known about mechanism of the action of alendronate on osteoblast differentiation, especially in transcription level. Inhibitors of DNA binding/ differentiation (Ids) are helix-loop-helix (HLH) transcription factors and play an important role in BMP-induced osteoblast lineage-specific differentiation. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the effect of alendronate on osteoblast differentiation and expression of Id-1 and Id-2. METHODS: MC3T3-E1, pre-osteoblast cell line, were treated with alendronate of various concentrations (10(-9) M-10(-4) M) and time periods (24, 48 and 72 hours). And then, the effect of alendronate on osteoblast differentiation was examined by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and RT-PCR for osteoblast differentiation markers such as ALP, type 1 collagen (Col 1), and osteocalcin (OCN). The expressions of Id-1 and Id-2 were measured by RT-PCR. RESULTS: Alendronate treatment increased not only ALP activity, but also expressions of ALP, Col 1, and OCN. Also, alendronate treatment up-regulated the mRNA levels of Id-1 and Id-2 genes. This alendronate-induced osteoblastic differentiation is more effective in lower doses rather than high doses. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the expression of transcription factor Id-1 and Id-2 was increased in a dose-dependent manner during alendronate-induced osteoblast differentiation.
Alendronate ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; Antigens, Differentiation ; Bone Resorption ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Collagen Type I ; Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide ; Diphosphonates ; DNA ; Osteoblasts ; Osteocalcin ; Osteoclasts ; RNA, Messenger ; Transcription Factors

OBJECTIVE: Ovarian angiogenesis plays an important role in folliculogenesis. However, little is known about the expression of angiogenic factors during follicular development according to female age. Stromal cell derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha) plays a role in granulosa cell survival and embryo quality as an angiogenic chemokine. Leptin is also involved in folliculogenesis and angiogenesis. This study examined expression of SDF-1alpha and leptin, and their effects on the expression of angiogenic factors in the ovary during follicular development according to female age. METHODS: Ovaries were collected from C57BL mice of two age groups (6-9 weeks and 24-26 weeks) at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after 5 IU pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) injection. The expression of ovarian SDF-1alpha and leptin mRNA was evaluated by RT-PCR. In the organ culture experiment, the ovaries were cultured in transwell permeable supports with Waymouth's medium treated with various doses of SDF-1alpha (50-200 ng/mL) or leptin (0.01-1 microg/mL) for 7 days. Then, mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and visfatin were examined in the cultured ovaries. RESULTS: Expression of SDF-1alpha and leptin in the ovary was significantly lower in the aged mouse group compared to the young mouse group (p<0.05). Expression of these two factors increased with follicular development after PMSG administration. SDF-1alpha treatment stimulated visfatin expression in a dose-dependent manner, while leptin treatment significantly increased eNOS expression. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that decrease of ovarian SDF-1alpha and leptin expression may be associated with aging-related reduction of ovarian function. SDF-1alpha and leptin may play a role in follicular development by regulating the expression of angiogenic factors in mouse ovaries.
Aged ; Aging ; Angiogenesis Inducing Agents ; Animals ; Chemokine CXCL12 ; Embryonic Structures ; Female ; Gonadotropins ; Granulosa Cells ; Humans ; Leptin ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III ; Organ Culture Techniques ; Ovary ; RNA, Messenger ; Stromal Cells ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

PURPOSE: To report the results of the 2015 questionnaire survey of current trends and practice patterns in the treatment of vitreoretinal diseases, which was conducted by the Korean Retina Society (KRS). METHODS: In October 2015, members of the KRS participated in a survey of current trends and practice patterns in the treatment of vitreoretinal diseases. This survey was comprised of 68 multiple choice and dichotomy questions. RESULTS: One hundred eleven (41%) members participated in this survey. Most respondents (42%) had begun their vitreoretinal subspecialty ≤7 years previously, 32% had practiced for 8-15 years, and 26% for 16 years or more. The preferred primary treatment for newly diagnosed wet-type age-related macular degeneration was ranibizumab or aflibercept, and most clinicians (68%) favored a pro re nata regimen. Seventy percent of respondents treated injection-related endophthalmitis using a combination of immediate vitrectomy and intravitreal antibiotic injection. Bevacizumab was the most commonly (78-87%) preferred first-line therapy for macular edema (ME) secondary to central retinal vein occlusion or branch retinal vein occlusion. When ME did not respond to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment, most respondents (91%) switched patients to dexamethasone implant or triamcinolone acetonide. Eighty-four percent of the respondents performed scleral buckling during retinal detachment surgery in fewer than 40% of cases. Also, most respondents (96%) prescribed an antibiotic eye drop after, or before and after intravitreal drug injection. CONCLUSIONS: This survey reflected the recent trends and practice patterns in the treatment of vitreoretinal diseases in Korea.
Bevacizumab ; Dexamethasone ; Endophthalmitis ; Endothelial Growth Factors ; Humans ; Korea ; Macular Degeneration ; Macular Edema ; Ranibizumab ; Retina* ; Retinal Detachment ; Retinal Vein ; Retinal Vein Occlusion ; Scleral Buckling ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Triamcinolone Acetonide ; Vitrectomy