Apraclonidine is a potent alpha-adrenergic agonist that, like clonidine, is relatively selective for alpha-2 receptors. Apraclonidine has been shown to lower intraocular pressure by diminishing aqueous humor formation. The purpose of this study is to know the morphological changes in the ciliary epithelium by apraclonidine against aqueous formation. In group I, two drops of 1% apraclonidine hydrochloride were instilled on the right eye of the pigmented rabbits and the eyes were enucleated on 1,2.6 and 24 hours after instillation to find out the duration of action of the drug and the tissue response. In group II, one drop was instilled twice daily for seven days on the right eye and the eyes were enucleated on 1, 2 and 5 days after cessation of the instillation observing the cumulative effect of the drug and the tissue response. These eyes were studied with electron mIcroscopIc examiation. As a result, widening of cell membranes(basal infoldings) of the non-pigmented epithelium(NPE) were observed. This change was recovered with time, and seems to be the principal morphological changes of apraclonidine against aqueous formation in the ciliary body. In group II, the cellular changes were minimal except for well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum representing resumed secretary function of the cell.
Rabbits ; Animals

Iridocorneal endothelial syndrome is a disease characterized by corneal endothelial degeneration, corneal edema, peripheral anterior synechia, iris stromal change, and secondary glaucoma. This syndrome is considered to have three major variations: Chandler's syndrome, progressive (essential) iris atrophy, and Cogan-Reese syndrome. We experienced three cases of iridocorneal endothelial syndrome with transient intraocular pressure elevation.

PURPOSE: This study assessed the effect of chemotherapy over stage II colon cancer in terms of presence of high-risk factors.METHODS: Data were retrospectively reviewed for 364 patients with stage II colon cancer who underwent curative surgery between January 2007 and December 2012. High-risk factors of stage II colon cancer were examined, and the overall survival (OS) rates were analyzed. Survival benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy was also analyzed.RESULTS: One hundred and fifteen cases had exclusively single high-risk factor and 194 cases were negative for high-risk factors. Postoperative chemotherapy was performed in 262 of 364 patients (72.0%). The 5-year OS was 79.4% and 86.6% for patients without adjuvant chemotherapy and those with chemotherapy, respectively. The 5-year OS was 88.2% and 83.3% for patients having exclusively single high-risk factor with adjuvant chemotherapy and those without chemotherapy, respectively.CONCLUSION: Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage II colon cancer having exclusively single high-risk factor could be omitted, weighing up the survival benefit and side effect of chemotherapy.
Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; Colon ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Analysis

Nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (NSIAD) is a rare X-linked genetic condition caused by a gain-of-function mutation of arginine vasopressin receptor 2 gene, AVPR2. We report the case of a male neonate diagnosed with NSIAD based on his DNA sequence of the AVPR2 gene and the clinical course. He demonstrated a complete correction of hyponatremia using oral urea. We suggest that (1) sequencing analysis of the AVPR2 gene ought to be done in newborns with prolonged euvolemic hyponatremia, hypo-osmolality, high urinary sodium and normal/low or undetectable AVP levels, and that (2) oral urea is a safe and effective treatment option in infants diagnosed with NSIAD until the patients are grown-up.

BACKGROUND: Pityriasis rosea is a common, acute self-limiting papulosquamous disorder in which many studies suggest viral causative factors in its pathogenesis. Recently, the link between pityriasis rosea and the reactivation of human herpes virus-6 (HHV-6) and HHV-7 infection has been suggested. This evidence suggests that targetting HHV-6 or HHV-7 may be an effective treatment for pityriasis rosea. OBJECTIVE: We treated pityriasis rosea patients with oral famciclovir to investigate the effect of oral famciclovir in pityriasis rosea. METHODS: A case group of seventeen patients with pityriasis rosea were treated with oral famciclovir (250 mg 3 times daily for 7 days). Clinical evaluation at 0, 1 & 2 weeks was undertaken. A skin biopsy and polymerase chain reaction analysis of HHV-6 from a skin specimen were performed. We analyzed 19 patients with pityriasis rosea who were treated with topical steroid and oral antihistamines retrospectively and considered them as the control group. RESULTS: On the 7th day after oral famciclovir treatment was started, pityriasis rosea had regressed completely in 3 patients (17.6%) and had regressed partially in 9 patients (52.9%). On the 14th day, 12 patients (70.6%) had achieved more than partial regression. On the 7th day, systemic symptoms had improved in all 9 patients. Clearance of skin lesions was achieved in average 7.57 days in patients who had regressed completely after 14 days' treatment. Histological examination of patients was compatible with pityriasis rosea and polymerase chain reaction analysis of HHV-6 was negative in all 8 patients. Compared with the control group, the treatment for patients in the case group seemed to have better effects, but statistical analysis failed to show any significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Famciclovir was not effective in the treatment of pityriasis rosea, but further investigation is needed.
Biopsy ; Herpesvirus 6, Human ; Herpesvirus 7, Human ; Histamine Antagonists ; Humans ; Pityriasis Rosea* ; Pityriasis* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Retrospective Studies ; Skin ; Skin Diseases, Papulosquamous

A 26-year-old man visited our emergency medical center with dyspnea, and he was diagnosed with pulmonary embolism. He did not have any specific risk factor. His job was a computer programming. Pulmonary embolism is rare at such young age. Predisposing risk factors in pulmonary embolism patients include a history of venous thromboembolism, history of malignancy, complicating infections, increasing age, thrombophilia, and obesity. Prolonged seated immobility at work is another risk factor for venous thromboembolism like economy class syndrome. We report a case of pulmonary embolism in a young patient who had no risk factor.
Adult ; Dyspnea ; Emergencies ; Humans ; Immobilization ; Obesity ; Pulmonary Embolism ; Risk Factors ; Software ; Thrombophilia ; Venous Thromboembolism

No abstract available.
Central Nervous System ; Epilepsy ; Sarcoidosis

We report a patient with a left anterior cerebral artery (ACA) infarct showing representational neglect. Representational neglect is some form of neglect to areas of imagined space. We believe that the description of our case gives further information about neglect syndrome and the functional asymmetry of the cerebral hemispheres because these observations are rare.
Anterior Cerebral Artery* ; Cerebrum ; Humans ; Infarction, Anterior Cerebral Artery*

PURPOSE: This study is to see chemotherapeutic results followed by Rotational Combination Chemotherapy (R-11 protocol) treatment for the patients with late relapse of childhood ALL six months after the completion of chemotherapy. METHODS: The subjects of study were the 13 children who had been diagnosed as ALL at the Severance Hospital and the Wonju Christian Hospital and completed the chemotherapy. They, however, diagnosed a late relapse of ALL between December, 1996 and December, 2001. After that, they were given an chemotherapy with R-11 protocol. RESULTS: The average age of the 13 patients was 11.8 ( 2.8) years old at relapse. They showed the complete remission (8 patients, 61%), partial remission (4, 31%), and induction failure (1, 8%). The total remission ratio was 92%. Four year Event Free Survival (EFS) after the second remission was 61.5%. They also showed acute toxicity during remission induction with severe than grade III according to the WHO criteria. The leukopenia and thrombocytopenia (hematologic toxicity) were seen at 11 cases (84%) and 9 cases (69%) respectively, and hepatotoxicity (non-hematologic toxicity) was shown at 6 cases (46%). There are also chronic toxicity, one case developed leukomalacia, and 6 cases did various symptoms of infections. CONCLUSION: There is no optimal chemotherapeutic protocol for late relapse of childhood ALL, and the treatment with R-11 protocol is worth a trial.
Child ; Disease-Free Survival ; Drug Therapy* ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Gangwon-do ; Humans ; Leukopenia ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma* ; Recurrence* ; Remission Induction ; Thrombocytopenia

A 37-year-old man presented with a 1-year history of asymptomatic ill-defined subcutaneous thickening with overlying whitish hairs on right occipital scalp. Histopathologic examination from this subcutaneous mass revealed neurofibromatous tissue with a diffuse infiltrative growth. S-100 protein staining showed decreased melanocytes and melanin in hair follicles. He was diagnosed as a diffuse neurofibroma associated with poliosis. To our knowledge, only two cases of poliosis associated with neurofibroma have ever been reported in English.
Adult ; Hair ; Hair Follicle ; Humans ; Melanins ; Melanocytes ; Neurofibroma* ; S100 Proteins ; Scalp*