Apraclonidine is a potent alpha-adrenergic agonist that, like clonidine, is relatively selective for alpha-2 receptors. Apraclonidine has been shown to lower intraocular pressure by diminishing aqueous humor formation. The purpose of this study is to know the morphological changes in the ciliary epithelium by apraclonidine against aqueous formation. In group I, two drops of 1% apraclonidine hydrochloride were instilled on the right eye of the pigmented rabbits and the eyes were enucleated on 1,2.6 and 24 hours after instillation to find out the duration of action of the drug and the tissue response. In group II, one drop was instilled twice daily for seven days on the right eye and the eyes were enucleated on 1, 2 and 5 days after cessation of the instillation observing the cumulative effect of the drug and the tissue response. These eyes were studied with electron mIcroscopIc examiation. As a result, widening of cell membranes(basal infoldings) of the non-pigmented epithelium(NPE) were observed. This change was recovered with time, and seems to be the principal morphological changes of apraclonidine against aqueous formation in the ciliary body. In group II, the cellular changes were minimal except for well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum representing resumed secretary function of the cell.
Rabbits ; Animals

Iridocorneal endothelial syndrome is a disease characterized by corneal endothelial degeneration, corneal edema, peripheral anterior synechia, iris stromal change, and secondary glaucoma. This syndrome is considered to have three major variations: Chandler's syndrome, progressive (essential) iris atrophy, and Cogan-Reese syndrome. We experienced three cases of iridocorneal endothelial syndrome with transient intraocular pressure elevation.

PURPOSE: This study assessed the effect of chemotherapy over stage II colon cancer in terms of presence of high-risk factors.METHODS: Data were retrospectively reviewed for 364 patients with stage II colon cancer who underwent curative surgery between January 2007 and December 2012. High-risk factors of stage II colon cancer were examined, and the overall survival (OS) rates were analyzed. Survival benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy was also analyzed.RESULTS: One hundred and fifteen cases had exclusively single high-risk factor and 194 cases were negative for high-risk factors. Postoperative chemotherapy was performed in 262 of 364 patients (72.0%). The 5-year OS was 79.4% and 86.6% for patients without adjuvant chemotherapy and those with chemotherapy, respectively. The 5-year OS was 88.2% and 83.3% for patients having exclusively single high-risk factor with adjuvant chemotherapy and those without chemotherapy, respectively.CONCLUSION: Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage II colon cancer having exclusively single high-risk factor could be omitted, weighing up the survival benefit and side effect of chemotherapy.
Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; Colon ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Analysis

Nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (NSIAD) is a rare X-linked genetic condition caused by a gain-of-function mutation of arginine vasopressin receptor 2 gene, AVPR2. We report the case of a male neonate diagnosed with NSIAD based on his DNA sequence of the AVPR2 gene and the clinical course. He demonstrated a complete correction of hyponatremia using oral urea. We suggest that (1) sequencing analysis of the AVPR2 gene ought to be done in newborns with prolonged euvolemic hyponatremia, hypo-osmolality, high urinary sodium and normal/low or undetectable AVP levels, and that (2) oral urea is a safe and effective treatment option in infants diagnosed with NSIAD until the patients are grown-up.

No abstract available.
Central Nervous System ; Epilepsy ; Sarcoidosis

PURPOSE: This study is to see chemotherapeutic results followed by Rotational Combination Chemotherapy (R-11 protocol) treatment for the patients with late relapse of childhood ALL six months after the completion of chemotherapy. METHODS: The subjects of study were the 13 children who had been diagnosed as ALL at the Severance Hospital and the Wonju Christian Hospital and completed the chemotherapy. They, however, diagnosed a late relapse of ALL between December, 1996 and December, 2001. After that, they were given an chemotherapy with R-11 protocol. RESULTS: The average age of the 13 patients was 11.8 ( 2.8) years old at relapse. They showed the complete remission (8 patients, 61%), partial remission (4, 31%), and induction failure (1, 8%). The total remission ratio was 92%. Four year Event Free Survival (EFS) after the second remission was 61.5%. They also showed acute toxicity during remission induction with severe than grade III according to the WHO criteria. The leukopenia and thrombocytopenia (hematologic toxicity) were seen at 11 cases (84%) and 9 cases (69%) respectively, and hepatotoxicity (non-hematologic toxicity) was shown at 6 cases (46%). There are also chronic toxicity, one case developed leukomalacia, and 6 cases did various symptoms of infections. CONCLUSION: There is no optimal chemotherapeutic protocol for late relapse of childhood ALL, and the treatment with R-11 protocol is worth a trial.
Child ; Disease-Free Survival ; Drug Therapy* ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Gangwon-do ; Humans ; Leukopenia ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma* ; Recurrence* ; Remission Induction ; Thrombocytopenia

PURPOSE: As the rate of senior citizens living alone increases in the current aging society, there is much concern regarding the health and nutritional intake of solitary senior citizens. Therefore, this study compared the nutritional intake of senior citizens according to their family type. METHODS: In July and August of 2011, two senior citizen welfare centers in Seoul were visited to survey 267 elderly women. Excluding 54 subjects for which the data were incomplete, information from 213 subjects was analyzed. The subjects were divided into three family types, living alone (LA, n = 74), living with spouse (LS, n = 78), and living with children (LC, n = 61). RESULTS: The mean age of the LA group was the highest, while the mean age of the LS group was the lowest (p < 0.001) , and WHR of the LC group was the highest (p = 0.049). Income was the highest in the LS group (p < 0.001). Frequency of eating out was the lowest in the LA group (p = 0.031). By Duncan's multiple analysis, the amounts of energy intake, vegetable protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, Vit D, Vit E, Vit B2, niacin, Vit B6, Vit B12, and cholesterol were significantly higher in the LS group compared with the LA or LC group (p < 0.05). The intakes of calcium, Vit D, Vit B12, and cholesterol were still significantly different among the three groups, even after adjustment for age and monthly income. The LA group ate less fruit and fish than the LS or LC group (p < 0.05). The LA group showed the lowest dietary diversity and the LS group showed the highest diversity (p = 0.014), however, the significance of dietary diversity score among the three groups disappeared after adjustment for age and monthly income. CONCLUSION: Elderly women living with spouse were receiving better nutrition than elderly women living alone or living with children. Therefore, solitary elderly women who do not live with their spouse or children should be offered greater opportunities to receive a balanced meal at a congregational kitchen or welfare center. To ensure their healthy diet, it is essential to provide continuous nutrition education with these groups in mind.
Aged* ; Aging ; Calcium ; Child ; Cholesterol ; Diet ; Eating* ; Education ; Energy Intake ; Female ; Fruit ; Humans ; Meals ; Niacin ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Selenium ; Seoul ; Spouses ; Vegetable Proteins

Since maxillofacial injury is frequently accompanied by other diseases, its evaluation and treatment are open delayed. When the evaluation is delayed, the surgical treatment can be difficult or impossible. A 21-yr-old man presented with right facial swelling and deformity after injury. We planned immediate surgical repair for his right tetrapod fracture, but the operation was delayed for two months due to severe hyperthyroidism. During the operation, we reducted and fixed the deviated bone after refracture of the zygomatic arch with an osteotome to achieve mobility. The facial deformity and difficulty in mouth opening were improved after the operation. Even in the presence of accompanying fractures, early evaluation and proper management can prevent complications and achieve acceptable cosmetic outcomes in maxillofacial trauma patients. In patients with malunion of fracture sites, fixation after refracture using an osteotome can be a good treatment option for obtaining good mobility.
Congenital Abnormalities ; Cosmetics ; Facial Injuries ; Fracture Fixation ; Humans ; Hyperthyroidism ; Maxillofacial Injuries ; Mouth ; Zygoma

Herpes zoster is a characteristic, segmental, cutaneous eruption associated with sensory axonal neuropathy, but complication of motor involvement can also occasionally occur. In many cases, the loss of motor function goes unrecognized because the extent of impairment is mild. However, if it is severe, motor weakness may lead to clinical problems. We report a case of ipsilateral shoulder paralysis caused by herpes zoster infection of the left C4-6 dermatomes in which motor weakness invaded major motion of the unilateral upper limb. An electromyography and motor nerve conduction test revealed that axonal degeneration of the upper trunk level of the brachial plexus developed secondary to herpes zoster infection. Therefore, we highlight there is possibility of severe motor deficit of a corresponding site after herpes zoster.
Axons ; Brachial Plexus ; Electromyography ; Herpes Zoster* ; Neural Conduction ; Paralysis* ; Shoulder* ; Upper Extremity

Craniofacial cleft is a rare congenital anomaly with a wide range of clinical manifestation and severity of deformity. In 1976, Tessier announced classification system on the basis of anatomical observation derived from clinical finding or operative dissection. Nowadays, this system is in common use because it is in accordance with terminology and observational finding and clinical manifestation is accordant with operative finding. Median facial cleft(No. 0-14 facial cleft) has a wide range of congenital malformation from a midline cleft upper lip to orbital hypertelorism, among which the bifid nose is frequently associated with hypertelorism. The manifestation of a bifid nose is variable from a simple central groove at the nasal tip to a complete clefting of the osteocartilaginous framework. In consequence, the planning of correction of the bifid nose must be individualized. We contrived correction of bifid nose using rib bone graft containing small amount of costal cartilage with maneuver of 2mm incision on nasal root skin together with fixation with 9mm miniscrew through an open approach in two No. 0-14 facial cleft patients with mild hypertelorism and bifid nose. With this method we could obtain satisfactory results in the standpoint of function as well as aesthetics. We think that this method is appropriate for correction of bifid nose of mild median facial cleft.
Cartilage ; Classification ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Esthetics ; Humans ; Hypertelorism ; Lip ; Nose* ; Orbit ; Ribs* ; Skin ; Transplants*