Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ; blood ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Cold Temperature ; Environmental Exposure ; adverse effects ; Hydrocortisone ; blood ; Interleukin-10 ; blood ; Interleukin-4 ; blood ; Swine

Objective To explore the best treatment program for neurogenic dysphagia (ND) by observing the efficacy of three different rehabilitation programs.Methods Eighty-two dysphagic patients were randomly divi-ded into a swallowing training group (which received mouth,facial,and tongue function training along with cold sti-mulation of the pharynx,Mendelson's swallowing training,and swallowing behavior coordination training) and a group which received neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) only.Low-frequency NMES was applied at the location of the swallowing obstacle using a biphase square wave 700ms long at 30-80 Hz with a current intensity of 0-15 mA.There was also a combined treatments group which received swallowing behavior therapy combined with NMES.All three groups were treated for 30 min daily for 20 days.Videofluoroscopy (VFSS) was conducted before and after treatment to assess swallowing function.Results After 20 days of treatment,swallowing function had improved in all three groups.The effectiveness rate was 73% in the swallowing training group,83% in the NMES group and 94% in the combined treatment group.The average VFSS score in the combined therapy group was significantly higher than that of either the swallowing training or NMES group.Conclusions NMES combined with swallowing behavior the-rapy can greatly improve swallowing function in patients with neurogenic dysphagia,especially those with pseudosupranuclear paralysis.

Objective To develop questionnaires to indentify research motivation and its related psychological factors for medical postgraduates.Methods The questionnaire was developed based on previous literature and case interview by using self-determination theory as the theoretical framework.Delphi method and stratified factor analysis were used to examine the reliability and validity of the questionnaire.Results The questionnaires included 2 sections:research motivation questionnaire and related psychological factors questionnaire.The Cranach's α of each questionnaire was 0.89 and 0.90 and test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.74 and 0.80.The content validity (CVI) of each questionnaire was 0.958 and 0.935,and stratified factor analysis demonstrated that the items of each dimension could account for more than 40％ of the accumulated variance.Conclusion The questionnaires have good reliability and validity and could be applied.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the antimicrobial resistance of nosocomial infection pathogens and to provide the reference for the clinical treatment and infection control in hospital. METHODS Bacteria were isolated from patients in our hospital from Jan 2000 to Dec 2004 and animicrobial susceptibility was tested by disc diffusion method(K-B method). RESULTS A total of 7016 strain pathogens were isolated,among them 2250 strains were Gram-positive cocci.The most common pathogens of them were Staphylococcus.Meticillin resistant strains of S.aureus and coagulase negative Staphylococcus(CNS) accounted for 62.1% and 76.0%,respectively.There were 4766 strains of Gram-negative bacilli.The most common pathogens of them were Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Escherichia coli,Acinetobacter and Enterobacter cloacae.The most common ESBLs producing strains were K.pneumoniae and E.coli.In our data,no vancomycin resistant Staphlococcus was isolated.The imipenem resistant P.aeruginosa was growing by year. CONCLUSIONS Coagulase negative Staphylococcus and meticillin resistant Staphylococcus are growing,imipenem resistance of P.aeruginosa is a serious problem.

Hematologic Diseases ; Hemolysis ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate breastfeeding effectiveness scale to measure effectiveness of breastfeeding for mothers in the early postpartum period. METHODS: A conceptual framework was constructed from properties of effective breastfeeding (Yang and Seo, 2011), and item construction was derived from literature review and analysis of the data along with interviews with breastfeeding mothers. Content validity was tested by experts. Each item was scored on a five-point Likert scale. The preliminary questionnaire was administered to 248 breastfeeding mothers. Data were analyzed using item analysis, factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficients, and Cronbach's α. RESULTS: From the factor analysis, 20 items in seven factors were derived. The factors were identified as mother's satisfaction, suckling, assurance of milk quantity, infant's satisfaction, latching on, infant's feeding desire, and breastfeeding positioning. The seven factors explained 65.1% of total variance, Cronbach's α of the total items was .83 and the factors ranged from .44 to .75. CONCLUSION: Results of this study suggest that breastfeeding effectiveness scale is a reliable and valid instrument to measure breastfeeding effectiveness of mothers in the early postpartum period.
Breast Feeding* ; Humans ; Milk ; Mothers ; Postpartum Period ; Weights and Measures

Objective: To optimize preparation techniques for Herba E pimedii flavonoid phytosomes (EFP) and explore their suitable pharmaceutics. Methods: To optimize the preparation conditions by means of unifo rm design and step regression, prepare Herba Epimedii total flavonoid phytosomes by means of solvent evaporation and investigate the accumulative dissolution of different ratios of EFP-PVP precipitates by means of dissolution release. Resu lt: The optimized preparation conditions are as follows: solvent-tetrahydrofura n, lecithin to PVP-2.5 times, temperature-40　℃ and reaction-3 hours. Oil/wa ter apparent partition coefficient of icariin was enhanced more than 4 times by phospholipid. The accumulative dissolution of Herba Epimedii flavonoids of EFP- PVP precipitate was significantly higher than that of its physical mixture and H erba Epimedii extract tablet. Conclusion: Phospholipid can ef fectively enhance the oil/water apparent partition coefficient of icariin, and P VP can improve the dissolution of Herba Epimedii phytocomes, but the pharmacokin etics needs further study.

With the global development of medical information standard, construction work of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) information standard system has been promoted rapidly. The framework of ancient Chinese medical literature clinical terminology classification standardization is one of the foundations of TCM language system. Its research will further promote and perfect TCM information standard system. We have adhered to the connection among ancient TCM classification framework, modern TCM and western medicine classification framework. Exploration on framework construction of ancient Chinese medical literature clinical terminology classification standardization was based on previous work of Chinese medicine clinical terminology classification and code standard, reference frame structure of SNOMED CT, research findings of classification standard framework of Chinese medicine clinical terms, andQian Jin Fang.

No abstract available.
Atrophy ; Pityriasis* ; Tinea Versicolor*

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of empathic ability and campus life stress on the stress coping behaviors among 395 dental hygiene students. The analysis was performed using PASW Statistics ver. 18.0, and the following conclusions were obtained. The empathic concern factor was the highest in the subscale of empathic ability (3.60). The interpersonal relationship stress was 1.65 and the task-related stress was 2.72. The stress coping behaviors were the highest among the sub-domains, with 3.69 for wishful thinking. The differences of stress coping behaviors according to general characteristics were as follows. The lower the age and grade, the higher the problem-focused coping; when they were religious there was a high pursuit of seeking social support. When they were satisfied with their economic level, wishful thinking was high. There was a low negative correlation between empathic concern and interpersonal relationship stress in campus life (p<0.01). There was a positive correlation between personal distress and task-related stress (p<0.001). The relationship between empathic ability and stress coping behaviors was most associated with personal distress and wishful thinking. Among the sub-domains of stress coping behaviors, factors that have a common impact on personal distress and seeking social support are viewpoint acceptance. Factors supporting emotional focus and wishful thinking were task-related stress. Dental hygiene students are not able to completely eliminate the stress that they are actually under. However, as the research results show, it is necessary to use stress coping techniques to cope effectively with individual tendencies and situations, and to improve the ability to sympathize with another individual.
Adaptation, Psychological* ; Humans ; Oral Hygiene* ; Stress, Psychological* ; Thinking