Objectives: This study aimed to develop a method for objectively evaluating toothpaste abrasivity, enabling a direct comparison between different toothpastes. Methods: Nine commercially available toothpaste variants were selected, and 8 mm thick acrylic specimens were allocated to each toothpaste treatment group (n=7). A control group without toothpaste was also included. Specimens and toothbrushes were mounted on the V8 Cross brushing machine, and toothpaste (0.05-0.1 g) was applied for 20 strokes under a 200 g load and 1 Hz speed. The surface wear was measured at an absorbance of 600 nm in a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Specimens were then photographed with a polarized light microscope, and the gray value of the worn brushed part was obtained through image analysis using Image J software. A one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post-hoc test was employed for analyzing absorbance and gray value differences among the toothpaste groups. The correlation between absorbance and gray value was assessed using Pearson’s correlation analysis. Results: Significant differences were noted in absorbance and gray values across the toothpaste groups (P<0.05), and a strong correlation was observed between the absorbance and the values from the images analyzed (r=0.948, P<0.001). The wear rankings based on absorbance and image analysis values were mostly the same. Conclusions This study introduces a direct and objective method for evaluating toothpaste abrasion, offering users objective information on different toothpaste types.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to compare the fluoride-release between different fluorine varnish under in vitro experimental conditions.METHODS: In this study, 5 fluoride varnish products distributed in Korea were selected. V-varnish™ (Vericom, Korea: VV), CavityShield™ (3M ESPE, USA: CS), Clinpro™ White varnish™ (3M ESPE, USA: CP), MI Varnish™ (GC, Japan: MI), and Fluor Protector (Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein: FP). For the in vitro study, 10 mg of each fluoride varnish was thinly applied to the same area of the specimen. The specimen was then immersed in 3 ml of distilled water at consistent intervals to confirm fluoride release. Nine specimens per group were used. Fluoride ion electrodes were used to measure the fluoride concentration of the solution. The Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test was performed to compare between each experimental group, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank nonparametric test was performed to compare experimental groups over time. The significance level for a Type I error was set at 0.05. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 25.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA).RESULTS: In vitro experiments showed that the amount of fluoride released from MI was higher than the other groups during the first 12 hours after application. However, the amount of fluoride released from CP and CS was higher than MI as the immersion time increased over 12 and 20 hours, respectively. The fluoride release from FP was the lowest at all measurement points.CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that the remaining fluoride effect from rosin type fluoride varnishes was higher than liquid type fluoride varnishes. There were differences in the residual fluoride concentrations despite each fluoride varnish having the same fluoride content.
Dental Caries ; Electrodes ; Fluorides ; Fluorides, Topical ; Fluorine ; Immersion ; In Vitro Techniques ; Japan ; Korea ; Liechtenstein ; Paint ; Water

Objectives: The water fluoridation program in Hapcheon township area has been implemented since 2000. This study aimed to evaluate the caries-preventive effect of water fluoridation on permanent teeth after implementation of an 18-year community water fluoridation program in a suburban area. Methods: A survey was conducted in 2018 with 359 subjects, aged 8, 10, and 12 years, residing in the Hapcheon township area. In this prospective cohort study, the data on caries prevalence obtained from 671 subjects, aged 8, 10, and 12 years, in 2000, when the community water fluoridation program was initiated in the township, were used as a cohort to evaluate the caries-preventive effect after 18 years. The caries-preventive effect of community water fluoridation on permanent teeth was estimated by comparison of the adjusted DMFT scores between the program and the control group, and between the pre- and post-program data after 18 years. The confounding factor, mean number of fissure-sealed teeth, was adjusted to estimate the caries-preventive effect of fluoridation on permanent teeth. Results: Based on the results of the surveys conducted in Hapcheon-eup in 2000 and 2018, the mean number of fissure-sealed permanent teeth was 2.24 in 2000 and 1.38 in 2018. The mean DMFT scores of subjects aged 8, 10, and 12 years in 2018, adjusted for fissure-sealed permanent teeth in the fluoridated area, were significantly lower than those reported by the 2018 Korea National Children’s Oral Health Survey. In addition, the mean values of the adjusted DMFT scores of subjects aged 8, 10, and 12 years in 2018, after the 18-year fluoridation program, were significantly lower than those reported in 2000, the year the fluoridation program was initiated. Conclusions Community water fluoridation has a high caries-reducing effect; thus, the reintroduction of water fluoridation program is desirable to prevent dental caries.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the risk factors related to periodontal health in middle school and high school adolescents. Methods: This study was conducted using data from the Sixth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2013-2015). Among the 22,948 participants in the Sixth KNHANES, 1,222 participants (aged 12-18 years) who completed the systemic and oral health examinations and questionnaires were included in this study. Independent variables related to demographic socioeconomic status and oral health-related behaviors were the following: age, gender, household income, frequency of daily toothbrushing, smoking, alcohol drinking, annual dental visit, and periodontal treatment. The dependent variables were the prevalence of gingival bleeding or calculus and the number of sextants with gingival bleeding or calculus. Results: Among the total participants, 34.1% were diagnosed with prevalence of gingival bleeding or calculus, and periodontal health was found to be at its worst at 17 years of age (41.6% of participants). Moreover, household income, alcohol drinking, annual dental visits, and frequency of daily toothbrushing were related to prevalence and the number of sextants with gingival bleeding or calculus. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for prevalence of gingival bleeding or calculus by alcohol consumption, toothbrushing less than twice per day, and number of DMFT were 5.00 (95% CI: 2.24-11.18), 2.21 (95% CI: 1.21-4.04), and 1.09 (95% CI: 1.02-1.17), respectively. Conclusions To prevent periodontal disease among adolescents, it is necessary to improve oral health-related behavior and its associated factors and continuous oral health education.

PURPOSE: To report 2 cases of acute spontaneous resolution of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (ASRRRD). CASE SUMMARY: (Case 1) A 28-year-old male presented with acute visual loss in his left eye for 5 days. The best corrected visual acuity was 10/200 in the left eye and fovea-off retinal detachment with retinal break at the 11-o'clock location was observed. The retina was reattached after 5 days without any treatment. Prophylactic barrier photocoagulation was performed around the break and 3 months after ASRRRD visual acuity improved to 20/30. (Case 2) A 19-year-old male was referred with a history of blurry vision and visual disturbance in his right eye. He underwent a cataract surgery due to traumatic cataract in his right eye 3 years prior. The best corrected visual acuity was 10/200 in the right eye and fovea-off retinal detachment with retinal break at the 10:30-o'clock location was observed. The retina reattached spontaneously after 5 days. Prophylactic barrier photocoagulation was performed around the break and 3 months after ASRRRD visual acuity improved to 20/30. CONCLUSIONS: It would be better to check the status of fundus and the visual acuity before the surgery in the cases of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in young age.
Adult ; Cataract ; Humans ; Light Coagulation ; Male ; Retina ; Retinal Detachment* ; Retinal Perforations ; Visual Acuity ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: To compare concentration of cytokines in the vitreous of rabbit eyes after photocoagulation using a short-pulse pattern scanning laser (PASCAL) or a conventional laser. METHODS: Laser photocoagulation was performed using PASCAL (duration 0.02 seconds) in the right eyes and a conventional laser (duration 0.1 seconds) in the left eyes of 13 pigmented rabbits. To obtain ophthalmoscopically similar mild burns, power was adjusted during the photocoagulation. The rabbits were sacrificed at 1, 3 or 7 days after photocoagulation to investigate histological changes. Levels of interleukins (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in the vitreous humors of ten rabbits were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay before treatment and at 1, 3 and 7 days after photocoagulation. RESULTS: Histological changes were comparable between the two groups. IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were not detectable. IL-6 did not change significantly. IL-8 increased at day 3 and day 7, but no significant difference was observed between the two groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: When ophthalmoscopically similar mild burn intensity was achieved, conventional and PASCAL treatments of rabbit eyes caused no difference in intravitreal concentration of inflammatory cytokines.
Burns ; Cytokines* ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Interleukin-6 ; Interleukin-8 ; Interleukins ; Light Coagulation* ; Rabbits* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Vitreous Body

PURPOSE: To assess the prognostic factors associated with anatomical success of scleral buckle (SB) for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) in high myopia patients. METHODS: The medical records of RRD in highly myopic eyes treated with SB from January 2009 to December 2013 were reviewed retrospectively. Cases with history of intraocular surgery including phacoemulsification and vitrectomy were excluded. Correlations between anatomical success and the parameters of age, sex, preoperative visual acuity, axial length, presence of large tear, presence of horseshoe tear, the number of tears, involved fovea, and extent of detachment were analyzed. RESULTS: This study included 80 eyes of 80 patients. Average age and axial length were 32.3 ± 13.4 and 26.753 ± 0.961 mm, respectively. Sixty-nine eyes (86.3%) were reattached following primary surgery. Univariate analysis revealed that age (p = 0.011), presence of large tear (p = 0.002), and presence of horseshoe tear (p = 0.044) were correlated with anatomical success after SB. Based on multivariate logistic regression analysis, age was the sole independent prognostic factor (odds ratio = 1.086, 95% confidence interval = 1.022~1.154, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: A younger age is associated with a higher rate of primary anatomical success of SB for RRD in highly myopic eyes. In young, highly myopic patients with RRD, SB should be considered as the primary procedure.
Humans ; Logistic Models ; Medical Records ; Myopia ; Phacoemulsification ; Retinal Detachment* ; Retinaldehyde* ; Retrospective Studies ; Scleral Buckling* ; Tears ; Visual Acuity ; Vitrectomy

PURPOSE: To evaluate clinical outcomes of a combined therapy of intravitreal bevacizumab and grid laser photocoagulation for macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). METHODS: In the present retrospective study, medical records of patients who were treated with intravitreal bevacizumab injection for macular edema due to BRVO were reviewed. The eyes were divided into 2 groups, the combined therapy group of intravitreal bevacizumab and grid laser photocoagulation, and the monotherapy group of intravitreal bevacizumab. Visual acuity and central subfield macular thickness were investigated at 1, 2 and 6 months. Recurrence rate was compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: Among 49 eyes, 18 eyes underwent macular grid photocoagulation and 31 eyes did not receive laser treatment. Laser photocoagulation was performed at 1.2 months after injection on average. Visual acuity improved significantly at 2 and 6 months in the combined therapy group, and at 1, 2 and 6 months in the monotherapy group. Macular thickness decreased significantly compared to baseline at all visits in both groups. There was no significant difference in visual acuity and foveal thickness between the 2 groups. Recurrence at 6 months was significantly less frequent in the combined therapy group (3 eyes, 17%) then in the monotherapy group (14 eyes, 45%, p = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS: Combined grid photocoagulation after intravitreal bevacizumab injection lowered the recurrence rate of macular edema complicated with BRVO.
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; Eye ; Humans ; Light Coagulation ; Macular Edema ; Medical Records ; Recurrence ; Retinal Vein ; Retinal Vein Occlusion ; Retinaldehyde ; Retrospective Studies ; Visual Acuity ; Bevacizumab

PURPOSE: To compare lens-save and simultaneous phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation in primary vitrectomy for phakic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). METHODS: A retrospective comparative analysis of 54 consecutive eyes from 54 phakic RRD patients who underwent vitrectomy with a minimum of 12 months of follow-up was performed. The patients were divided into the vitrectomy group and the combined group (patients who underwent vitrectomy with concurrent cataract surgery). The main outcome measures were the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), anatomical success rate, complications and cataract status according to LOCSIII grading. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups, except for age and cataract status. The mean age was 46.9 year in the vitrectomy group (n = 20) and 60.5 years in the combined group (n = 34) (p < 0.001). The postoperative BCVA (log MAR) improved from 1.27 and 1.30 at baseline to 0.45 and 0.28 at 12 months (p < 0.05), respectively, which was not a significant difference between the 2 groups. In the vitrectomy group, cataract status was changed from 1.8 at baseline to 2.5 at 12 months (p = 0.001). Two patients (11.1%) had an additional cataract surgery performed. The primary anatomical success rate was 90.0% in the vitrectomy group and 94.1% in the combined group. CONCLUSIONS: The vitrectomy group and combined group had similar results in the repair of phakic RRD. Although postoperative cataract progression was noted, lens should be saved in vitrectomy for young patients, as significant cataract is uncommon.
Cataract ; Eye ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Lens Implantation, Intraocular ; Lenses, Intraocular ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Phacoemulsification ; Retinal Detachment ; Retinaldehyde ; Retrospective Studies ; Visual Acuity ; Vitrectomy

OBJECTIVE: Children are sedated before undergoing diagnostic imaging tests in emergency medicine or pediatric sedation anesthesia units. The aim of this study was to identify variables potentially affecting the dose of ketamine required for induction of sedation in pediatric patients undergoing diagnostic imaging.METHODS: This retrospective study included children aged 0 to 18 years who underwent sedation with ketamine for computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging in the pediatric sedation anesthesia unit of a tertiary medical center between January 2011 and August 2016. The children’s hemodynamic status and depth of sedation were monitored during the examination. We recorded data on demographics, categories of imaging tests, ketamine doses administered, adverse events, respiratory interventions, and duration of sedation. Data for patients who experienced adverse events were excluded.RESULTS: Sixty-six patients were included in the final analysis. Univariate linear regression analysis revealed that patient age, height, and body surface area (BSA) affected the sedative dose of ketamine administered. These three variables showed multicollinearity in multivariate linear regression analysis and were analyzed in three separate models. The model with the highest adjusted R-squared value suggested the following equation for determination of the dose of ketamine required to induce sedation: ketamine dose (mg)=-1.62+0.7×age (months)+36.36×BSA (m²).CONCLUSION: Variables such as age and BSA should be considered when estimating the dose of ketamine required for induction of sedation in pediatric patients.
Anesthesia ; Body Surface Area ; Child ; Demography ; Diagnostic Imaging ; Emergency Medicine ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Ketamine ; Linear Models ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Patient Care ; Retrospective Studies