No abstract available.
Clavicle*

No abstract available.
Clavicle*

No abstract available.

PURPOSE: To evaluate normal variations and thus to avoid confusion in differentiation from lesions of the accessory structures (rhomboid fossa, foramen for supraclavicular nerve, conold tubercle) of the clavicle in chest radiographs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied the variations of the clavicle in 300 chest radiographs (134 men, 166 women) and 355 dry bones (right 166, left 189; 151 men, 74 women, 130 unknown sex). RESULTS: In chest radiographs, the incidence of the depressed rhomboid fossa was 229 cases (39.5%;male 52.0%, female 29.9%);the flat type was 329 cases (56.9%;male 45.7%, female 65.7%);and the elevated type was 20 cases (3.5%; male 2.4%, female 4.3%). In the dry bones, the incidence of the depressed thombold fossa was 129 cases (57.3%;male 59.6%, female 52.7%);the flat type was 65 cases (28.9%;male 24.5%, female 37. 8%) ;and the elevated type was 31 cases (13.8%;male 15.9%, female 9.5%). The incidence of the foramen for supraclavicular nerve was 0.8% in chest radiographs, and 1.4% in the dry bones. The incidence of the elevated conold tubercle was 65.1% (male 64.0%, female 65.9%) in chest radiographs, and 96.9% (male 95.4%, female 100.0%) in the dry bones. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of the depressed rhomboid fossa in chest radiographs was higher in men and the right clavicle. The incidence of flat rhombo~d fossa in chest radiographs decreased according to increase of age. The foramen for supraclavicular nerve was occasionally found (0.8% in chest radiographs; 1.4% in the dry bones).
Clavicle* ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Radiography, Thoracic* ; Thorax*

PURPOSE: To evaluate normal variations and thus to avoid confusion in differentiation from lesions of the accessory structures (rhomboid fossa, foramen for supraclavicular nerve, conold tubercle) of the clavicle in chest radiographs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied the variations of the clavicle in 300 chest radiographs (134 men, 166 women) and 355 dry bones (right 166, left 189; 151 men, 74 women, 130 unknown sex). RESULTS: In chest radiographs, the incidence of the depressed rhomboid fossa was 229 cases (39.5%;male 52.0%, female 29.9%);the flat type was 329 cases (56.9%;male 45.7%, female 65.7%);and the elevated type was 20 cases (3.5%; male 2.4%, female 4.3%). In the dry bones, the incidence of the depressed thombold fossa was 129 cases (57.3%;male 59.6%, female 52.7%);the flat type was 65 cases (28.9%;male 24.5%, female 37. 8%) ;and the elevated type was 31 cases (13.8%;male 15.9%, female 9.5%). The incidence of the foramen for supraclavicular nerve was 0.8% in chest radiographs, and 1.4% in the dry bones. The incidence of the elevated conold tubercle was 65.1% (male 64.0%, female 65.9%) in chest radiographs, and 96.9% (male 95.4%, female 100.0%) in the dry bones. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of the depressed rhomboid fossa in chest radiographs was higher in men and the right clavicle. The incidence of flat rhombo~d fossa in chest radiographs decreased according to increase of age. The foramen for supraclavicular nerve was occasionally found (0.8% in chest radiographs; 1.4% in the dry bones).
Clavicle* ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Radiography, Thoracic* ; Thorax*

The 213 first ribs Koreans were measured and morphologically studied. The results were as follows. 1. On average, the internal straight length of the first rib was 53.7mm (male), 49.9mm (female) ; the external straight length was 79.7mm (male), 75.4mm (female), the maximum straight length was 87.4mm (male), 81.2mm (female) ; the breadth was 15.2mm (male), 14.4mm (female) ; and the thickness was 5.5mm (male), 5.4mm (female). 2. The proportion of the scalene tubercle to the costal breadth was 0% to 90% (average 37%). 3. The incidence of the presence of the groove for the first thoracic nerve was 7.5%. 4. The common shapes of the articular surface of the head were ball-shape(41%), cylinder-shape (25%) and plane-shape (25%) ; and those of the tubercle were cylinder-shape (44%), saddle-shape (31%) and socket-shape (14%).
Head ; Incidence ; Ribs* ; Thoracic Nerves

Breast thermography produces a picture of the heat emitted from the surface of the breast. And abnormal temperature over the breast has been suggested as an indicator of malignancy. The mechanisms for the heat production at the area of the skin over the breast are suggested hypermetabolism, hypervascularization, and hyperfusion of the affected regions of the breast. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of breast thermography in breast cancer. One hundred thirty breast cancers and one hundred ten benign breast masses were examined by a digital infrared thermographic system (NEC San-ei, Therm Tracer 6T67) between January 1991 and December 1995. In this study, thermograms were classified as normal (Th-1), equivocal (Th-2), or abnormal (Th-3). Normal thermograms were those with normal symmetric vascularity, equivocal thermograms were those with only heat in the area of mass, and abnormal thermograms were those with heat and increased vascularity in the area of mass. Among the 110 benign breast masses, there were 98 Th-1 cases (89.1%), 2 Th-2 cases (1.8%) and 10 Th-3 cases (9.1%). Among the 130 breast cancers, there were 98 Th-3 cases (75.4%), 20 Th-2 cases (16.2%), and 12 Th-1 cases (9.2%). The sensitivity of the breast thermograms was 90%, the specificity 89.1%, and the diagnostic accuracy 89.6%. A thermal difference(deltaT) of less than 1oC was seen in 10 cases (7.7%) of breast cancer, and a deltaT of more than 1oC was seen in 120 cases (92.3%). Among the latter of a deltaT of more than 3oC was seen in 67 cases(51.4%). The correlation of the breast-cancer tumor size with deltaT was highly significant(p<0.0001). The classification of the thermographic diagnosis was found to be statistically correlated with tumor size (p<0.0001), axillary node status (p<0.001) and nuclear grade (p<0.05), but not with the presence or abscence of estrogen receptor. These results suggest that thermography is useful as a diagnostic tool for breast cancer. And that a deltaT of more than 2oC of on a breast thermogram strongly suqqests a malignancy.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Classification ; Diagnosis* ; Estrogens ; Hot Temperature ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Skin ; Thermogenesis ; Thermography*

OBJECTIVE: To determine clitoral size of Korean newborn and androgen hormone levels in clitomegalic newborn. METHODS: The clitoral sizes of 236 Korean female newborn and mother were measured from January in 2000 to March in 2001. Androgen hormone levels were obtained in 11 infants with clitomegaly in order to evaluate the relationship between clitoral hypertrophy and androgen levels. RESULTS: The mean clitoral size of the 236 newborn was 3.82+/-1.47 mm in length and 2.95+/-1.79 mm in width. The mean clitoral size of the 236 postpartum women was 15.8+/-1.03 mm in length and 3.27+/-1.12 mm in width. In the premature infants the clitoral length and width were 4.45+/-1.79 mm and 3.53+/-1.51 mm respectively. In the normal birth weight infants they were 3.70+/-0.75 mm and 2.02+/-0.84 mm respectively. In clitomegalic infants the clitoral size was 5.8+/-0.7 mm in length and 3.7+/-0.4 mm in width. The serum testosterone level was 1.620+/-0.015 nmol/L and dihydrotestoteronesulfate (DHEAS) level 8.44+/-0.01 nmol/L. CONCLUSION: There was no significant correlation between gestational age and clitoral size, but significant negative correlation was found between birth weight and clitoral size. In 11 clito-magalic infants serum androgen was normal level. Also, there was no different clitoral size between clitomagalic infant mothers and normal infant mothers. These RESULTS: suggest that there would be no significant correlation between infantile clitomegaly and androgen level.
Birth Weight ; Female* ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Hypertrophy* ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn* ; Infant, Premature ; Mothers ; Postpartum Period ; Testosterone

RecentIy, increasing emphasis has been placed on the histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of the muscle in the cleft lip. Schendelet al and Cho et al demonstrated a non-neurogenic muscle atrophy and mitochondrial myopathy, and Raposio examined an increased inflammatory reaction, but no mitochondrial abnormalities of the cleft lip muscle. However, no study has focused on the ultrastructure of the microform cleft lip muscle. Eleven muscle specimens were obtained from the microform cleft lip patients at the time of primary repair from Jun.1997 to Aug.1998 and they were submitted to histologic and histochemical examinations as well as electron microscopy. A non-neurogenic muscle atrophy was seen on HE stain. Modified Gomori trichrome stain revealed red granularity of the muscle fibers, suggesting an increase in mitochondrial activity, however, no ragged-red fibers, a typical sign of mitochondrial myopathy, was found. Electron microscopy revealed atrophy, disarray, and focal loss of myofibrils, dilated sarcoplasmic reticulum with glycogen deposit, and interstitial fibrosis. However, the mitochondrial morphology was well preserved with an increase of the number of the mitochondria which might be secondary change to muscle degeneration. In conclusion, ultrastructural characteristics of the orbicularis oris muscle in the microform cleft lip is non-neurogenic muscle atrophy without mitochondrial myopathy which is controversial in the complete cleft lip.
Atrophy ; Cleft Lip* ; Fibrosis ; Glycogen ; Humans ; Microfilming* ; Microscopy, Electron ; Mitochondria ; Mitochondrial Myopathies ; Muscular Atrophy ; Myofibrils ; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated ; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Torsion of the follopian tube is an infrequent but significant cause of acute lower abdominal pain in females that is difficult to recognize preoperatively, although prompt diagnosis and timely sugical treatment are vital to salvage the oviduct. Unless a high index of suspicion is maintained for torsion of the fallopian tube in a adolescent females, this disorder may not be detected until after tubal destruction.
Abdominal Pain ; Adolescent* ; Animals ; Diagnosis ; Fallopian Tubes ; Female* ; Humans ; Oviducts