The authors carried out various treatment modalities in 74 consecutive patients with hypertensive basal ganglionic-thalamic intracerebral hemorrhage and were admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery. Konkuk University Hospital, from Jan. 1991 to Dec. 1993. A variety of prognostic factors that influence mortality were observed. The locaton of hematoma was at the basal ganglia in 47 cases and at the thalamus in 27 cases. The prognosis gets poorer as the hematoma extended wider and deeper. The prognosis was unfavorable when the hematoma was over 30cc(P<0.001). The mortality rate was higher in cases with IVH than in cases without IVH(P<0.005). In cases with IVH, 19 cases(26%) showed dilated 4th ventricular hemorrage and higher mortality rate(P<0.001). Cases in which the GCS were less than 9 on admission showed higher mortality rate(P<0.0001). The mortality rate was also higher if the midline shift was more than 10mm on the initial brain CT scan(P<0.005). THe group where the unilateral or bilateral pupillary light reflex was unreactive(35cases) showed poorer prognosis than the group where the bilateral pupillary light reflex was reactive(P<0.0001). The ventriculocranial ratio(VCR), hydrocephalus, surrounding edema edema around the heamtoam, and treatment modality were not related to the prognosis. The significant prognostic factors in patients with hypertensive basal ganglionic-thalamic intracerebral hemorrhage were location and type of hematoma, whether or not the volume of hematoma is more than 30cc, IVH, dilated 4th ventricular hemorrhage, Graeb's score of more than 7, GCS of less than 9, midline shift of more than 10mm, and reactivity of pupillary light reflex.
Basal Ganglia ; Brain ; Cerebral Hemorrhage* ; Edema ; Ganglion Cysts* ; Hematoma ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus ; Mortality ; Neurosurgery ; Prognosis ; Reflex ; Thalamus

Animal models for human chronic pain syndromes were developed and widely used for pain research. One of thsese neuropathic pain model by Kim and Chung[1992] has many advantages for operation and pain elicitation. We have examined the c-fos protein, substance P, CGRP immunoreactivity in dorsal root ganglia and dorsal horn in this neuropathic model. About 50 Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this study. L5 and L6 spinal nerve were ligated tightly to produce neuropathic pain model. After 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 hours and 1 week of surgery, rats were anesthesized and sacrificed by perfusion through the left ventricle with saline followed by 0.1M phosphate buffer[pH 7.4] containing 3% paraformaldehyde, 3% glutaraldehyde, and 0.1% picric acid. After confirmation of the roots transected by the surgery, the L5 and L6 dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord were removed and processed for immunohistochemistry. All tissue sections were immunohistochemically stained for substance P, CGRP and c-fos by using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase[PAP] method. Count the number of immunostained substance P and CGRP dorsal root ganglion cells and c-fos immunoreactive dorsal horn cells and analyzed statistically with Mann-Whitney U test. The results are as follows. 1. The number of c-fos protein immunoreactive neurons in the superficial layer of dorsal horn were increased markedly at 2 hours after operation, gradually decreased to normal level 1 week after operation. 2. The number of c-fos protein immunoreactive neurons in the deep layer of dorsal horn were gradually increased to the peak 24 hours after operation, decreased to normal level 1 week after operation. 3. The number of substance P and CGRP immunoreactive L5 and L6 dorsal root ganglion neurons were decreased markedly at 1 week after pain model operation. In conclusion, after neuropathic pain model operation, c-fos protein were immediately expressed in the superficial layer of spinal dorsal horn, thereafter c-fos protein in the deep layer of spinal dorsal horn were expressed. CGRP and substance P immunoreactive neurons were decreased markedly 1 week after neuropathic pain model operation.
Animals ; Chronic Pain ; Ganglia, Spinal* ; Glutaral ; Heart Ventricles ; Horns* ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Models, Animal ; Neuralgia ; Neurons* ; Perfusion ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases* ; Posterior Horn Cells ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Spinal Cord ; Spinal Nerve Roots* ; Spinal Nerves ; Substance P

Following intravenous (IV) administration of diazepam as a preanesthetic agent, sudden balance impairment, such as falling, leaning, and rolling, was identified in 2 canine cases. The 2 dogs were anesthetized for brain magnetic resonance scan to diagnose about a history of head tilt. After end of the diagnostic procedures, during the anesthetic recovery period, balance impairment was also observed. However, the symptoms gradually ceased by IV administration of flumazenil. These 2 canine cases indicated that diazepam premedication was responsible for the acute balance impairment.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of spinal manipulation for the patients with acute low back pain. METHOD: Twenty patients with acute low back pain have been received spinal manipulation 3 times per week. The 10-point scale and the distance of the fingertips from the floor on maximum forward flexion (fingertip-flexion test) were checked pretreatment, immediately posttreatment, 2 days posttreatment, 1 week posttreatment, and 2 weeks posttreatment. RESULTS: The results were as follows: 1) The 10-point scale at pretreatment, immediately posttreatment, 2 days posttreatment, 1 week posttreatment, and 2 weeks post-treatment were 10.0+/-0.0, 5.8+/-1.4, 2.2+/-1.0, 1.1+/-0.2, and 1.0+/-0.0, respectively (P<0.01). 2) The fingertip-flexion test at pretreatment, immediately posttreatment, 2 days posttreatment, 1 week posttreatment, 2 weeks posttreatment were 35.4+/-8.4 cm, 22.4+/-7.0 cm, 14.1+/-4.9 cm, 7.4+/-3.6 cm, and 5.4+/-4.6 cm, respectively (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: In our study, the spinal manipulation for the patients with acute low back pain offered significant efficacy and appeared to be a reasonable therapeutic option. But the effectiveness of this method leaves a critical aspect that should be dealt with in future studies.
Humans ; Low Back Pain* ; Manipulation, Spinal*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is known to be a major adverse predictor in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). It is expected that the use of newer-generation drug-eluting stents (DES) would improve clinical outcomes in these patients. We evaluated the impact of CKD on clinical outcomes in diabetic patients undergoing PCI using newer-generation DES in a real-world setting. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 887 patients who underwent PCI with newer-generation DES and who had a history of DM or HbA1c >6.5% at the time of hospitalization were analyzed. These patients were divided into groups without CKD (n=549) and with CKD (n=338). Among survivors at discharge, a patient-oriented composite outcome (POCO) including all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), and revascularization was evaluated, together with a device-oriented composite outcome (DOCO) including cardiac death, target vessel-related MI, and target lesion revascularization at a follow-up period of one year. RESULTS: The incidence of POCO (5.4% vs. 14.0%, log-rank p<0.001) and DOCO (1.1% vs. 4.1%, log-rank p<0.001) was higher in patients with CKD. According to multivariate analysis, which was adjusted for baseline differences in demographic, clinical, and angiographic factors, the presence of CKD was an independent predictor of POCO (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.82, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07 to 3.12), but not of DOCO (HR 2.08, 95% CI: 0.69-6.28). CONCLUSION: In DM patients, CKD is an independent and powerful predictor of patient-related outcomes, but not of device-related outcomes in the era of newer-generation DES.
Death ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Drug-Eluting Stents* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Incidence ; Mortality ; Multivariate Analysis ; Myocardial Infarction ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention* ; Prognosis ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic* ; Survivors

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Experimental protocols for remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) utilize models in which a tourniquet is placed around the hindlimb or effluent is collected from an isolated heart. In analyzing the humoral factors that act as signal transducers in these models, sampled blood can be influenced by systemic responses, while the effluent from an isolated heart might differ from that of the hindlimb. Thus, we designed a new isolated hindlimb model for RIC and tested whether the effluent from this model could affect ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury and if the reperfusion injury salvage kinase (RISK) and survivor activating factor enhancement (SAFE) pathways are involved in RIC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After positioning needles into the right iliac artery and vein of rats, Krebs-Henseleit buffer was perfused using a Langendorff apparatus, and effluent was collected. The RIC protocol consisted of 3 cycles of IR for 5 minutes. In the RIC effluent group, collected effluent was perfused in an isolated heart for 10 minutes before initiating IR injury. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the infarct area in the RIC effluent group was significantly smaller (31.2%±3.8% vs. 20.6%±1.8%, p<0.050), while phosphorylation of signal transducer and activation of transcription-3 (STAT-3) was significantly increased. However, there was a trend of increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 in this group. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to investigate the effect of effluent from a new isolated hindlimb model after RIC on IR injury in an isolated heart model. The RIC effluent was effective in reducing the IR injury, and the cardioprotective effect was associated with activation of the SAFE pathway.
Animals ; Heart* ; Hindlimb* ; Humans ; Iliac Artery ; Models, Animal ; Needles ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotransferases ; Rats ; Reperfusion Injury ; Survivors ; Tourniquets ; Transducers ; Veins

BACKGROUND: Enhancement and maintenance of the stemness of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is one of the most important factors contributing to the successful in vivo therapeutic application of these cells. In this regard, three-dimensional (3D) spheroid formation has been developed as reliable method for increasing the pluripotency of MSCs. Moreover, using a new protocol, we have previously shown that dental tissues of extracted wisdom teeth can be effectively cryopreserved for subsequent use as a source of autologous stem cells. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the stemness and in vitro osteogenic differentiation potential of 3D spheroid dental MSCs compared with conventional monolayer cultured MSCs. METHODS: In this study, MSC-characterized stem cells were isolated and cultured from long-term cryopreserved dental follicles (hDFSCs), and then 2D hDFSCs were cultured under 3D spheroid-forming conditions using a newly designed microchip dish. The spheroids (3D hDFSCs) thus produced were investigated and characterized with respect to stemness, MSC marker expression, apoptosis, cell cycle analysis, extracellular matrix (ECM) production, and osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation properties. RESULTS: In terms of MSC and senescence markers, spheroid cells showed no difference when compared with 2D hDFSCs; however, 3D hDFSCs were observed to have a higher proportion of cell cycle arrest and a larger number of apoptotic cells. Moreover, spheroids showed substantially increased levels of pluripotency marker (early transcription factors) and ECM protein expression. Compared with 2D hDFSCs, there was also a notable enhancement in the osteogenic induction potential of spheroids, although no differences were observed with respect to in vitro adipogenesis. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the application of a spheroid culture system for dental follicle-derived stem cells using a microchip dish. Although further studies are needed, including in vivo transplantation, the results obtained in this study indicate that spheroid hDFSCs derived from cryopreserved dental follicle tissues could be used as a valuable source of autologous stem cells for bone tissue regeneration.
Adipogenesis ; Aging ; Apoptosis ; Bone and Bones ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Cycle Checkpoints ; Dental Sac ; Extracellular Matrix ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; Methods ; Molar, Third ; Osteogenesis ; Regeneration ; Stem Cells

PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in Korean children. METHODS: We retrospectively collected and analyzed data from the medical records of the patients with S. aureus bacteremia ≤18 years of age in Gil Medical Center from 2002 to 2016. RESULTS: A total of 212 SAB cases were detected. The annual incidence of SAB from 2002 to 2016 ranged from 0.77 to 1.95 per 1,000 patients hospitalized. The neonate group (<28 days of age) and the pediatric group (28–18 years of age) were 51.4% (n=109) and 48.6% (n=103), respectively. According to the origin of infection, there were 93 cases (43.9%) of community-associated (CA)-SAB and 119 cases (56.1%) of healthcare-associated (HA)-SAB. The rates of HA-SAB among the neonate group and among the pediatric group were 64.2% and 47.6%, respectively (P=0.015). There was no difference in complications between CA-SAB and HA-SAB, but mortality was higher in HA-SAB. The proportion of methicillin-resistance S. aureus (MRSA) was the highest in neonates (88.1%), decreased with age, and was 36.4%–37.5% among children aged ≥5 years. The MRSA proportion was 72.2%, showing no consistent trend over the period. CONCLUSIONS: The annual incidence of SAB and the proportion of MRSA in SAB remained constant in the recent 15 years in children. Judicious decision of antimicrobial agents for treatment considering the patient's age and the origin of infection is necessary.
Anti-Infective Agents ; Bacteremia ; Child ; Epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Medical Records ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Mortality ; Retrospective Studies ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Staphylococcus

Background/Aims: While distal radial artery (DRA) access is increasingly being used for diagnostic coronary angiography, limited information is available regarding DRA size. We aimed to determine the DRA reference diameters of Korean patients and identify the predictors of DRA diameter < 2.3 mm. Methods: The outer bilateral DRA diameters were assessed using a linear ultrasound probe in 1,162 consecutive patients who underwent transthoracic echocardiography. The DRA diameter was measured by the perpendicular angle in the dorsum of the hand, and the average values were compared by sex. DRA diameter < 2.3 mm was defined as unsuitable for routine diagnostic coronary angiography using a 5 Fr introducer sheath. Results: The mean DRA diameters were 2.31 ± 0.43 mm (right) and 2.35 ± 0.45 mm (left). The DRA was smaller in women than men (right: 2.15 ± 0.38 mm vs. 2.43 ± 0.44 mm, p < 0.001; left: 2.18 ± 0.39 mm vs. 2.47 ± 0.45 mm, p < 0.001). The DRA diameter was approximately 20% smaller than the radial artery diameter. A total of 630 (54.2%) and 574 (49.4%) patients had DRA diameter < 2.3 mm in the right and left hands, respectively. Female sex, low body mass index (BMI), and low body surface area (BSA) were significant predictors of DRA diameter < 2.3 mm. Conclusions We provided reference DRA diameters for Korean patients. Approximately 50% of the studied patients had DRA diameter < 2.3 mm. Female sex, low BMI, and low BSA remained significant predictors of DRA diameter < 2.3 mm.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of mirtazapine treatment in multicenter population consisting of Korean patients suffering from moderate-to-severe depression. METHODS: Total 163 of in and outpatients with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder (DSM-IV) and 18 or over scores of 17-items Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) received treatment with mirtazapine (15-45 mg/day) for 6 weeks. Efficacy was assessed by HAMD, Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI), and Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scales and statistical analyses were performed on the intent-to-treat sample (143 patients) using the last-observation-carried-forward method. In addition, reported adverse events, routine laboratory parameters, and vital signs were investigated to evaluate the safety of mirtazapine. RESULTS: Mean daily dose of mirtazapine was 28.4 mg. At the end of the study, the response rate (50% or more reduction from baseline in HAMD scores) was 75.5% and the remission rate (7 or less in HAMD score) was 42.7%. Mirtazapine treatment induced significant reduction in depressive symptoms at the 4(th) day and substantial reduction along the treatment period, as assessed by changes in HAMD, MADRS, BDI, and CGI scales. At the 4(th) day and first week of mirtazapine treatment, the mean HAMD-17 total score was significantly reduced compared that of the baseline and the response rates were 11.9% and 28.7%, respectively. Mirtazapine was well tolerated in general, and somnolence and sedation were the most common adverse events reported. In addition, there were no clinically relevant changes in laboratory parameters and vital signs, although body weight was increased. CONCLUSION: Although this trial had many limitations of open non-comparative study, mirtazapine was demonstrated to an effective treatment for moderate to severe major depressive disorder and was well tolerated. A potentially rapid onset of overall therapeutic efficacy of mirtazapine was suggested by significant changes in all major variables of efficacy after 4(th) day of treatment.
Body Weight ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Outpatients ; Vital Signs ; Weights and Measures