Purpose: This study was conducted to assess public awareness and policy challenges faced by practicing nurses. Methods: After collecting nurse-related news articles published before and after ‘the Thanks to You Challenge’ campaign (between December 31, 2019, and July 15, 2020), keywords were extracted via preprocessing. A three-step method keyword analysis, latent Dirichlet allocation topic modeling, and keyword network analysis was used to examine the text and the structure of the selected news articles. Results: Top 30 keywords with similar occurrences were collected before and after the campaign. The five dominant topics before the campaign were: pandemic, infection of medical staff, local transmission, medical resources, and return of overseas Koreans. After the campaign, the topics ‘infection of medical staff’ and ‘return of overseas Koreans’ disappeared, but ‘the Thanks to You Challenge’ emerged as a dominant topic. A keyword network analysis revealed that the word of nurse was linked with keywords like thanks and campaign, through the word of sacrifice. These words formed interrelated domains of ‘the Thanks to You Challenge’ topic. Conclusion The findings of this study can provide useful information for understanding various issues and social perspectives on COVID-19 nursing. The major themes of news reports lagged behind the real problems faced by nurses in COVID-19 crisis. While the press tends to focus on heroism and whole society, issues and policies mutually beneficial to public and nursing need to be further explored and enhanced by nurses.

Purpose: This study was conducted to assess public awareness and policy challenges faced by practicing nurses. Methods: After collecting nurse-related news articles published before and after ‘the Thanks to You Challenge’ campaign (between December 31, 2019, and July 15, 2020), keywords were extracted via preprocessing. A three-step method keyword analysis, latent Dirichlet allocation topic modeling, and keyword network analysis was used to examine the text and the structure of the selected news articles. Results: Top 30 keywords with similar occurrences were collected before and after the campaign. The five dominant topics before the campaign were: pandemic, infection of medical staff, local transmission, medical resources, and return of overseas Koreans. After the campaign, the topics ‘infection of medical staff’ and ‘return of overseas Koreans’ disappeared, but ‘the Thanks to You Challenge’ emerged as a dominant topic. A keyword network analysis revealed that the word of nurse was linked with keywords like thanks and campaign, through the word of sacrifice. These words formed interrelated domains of ‘the Thanks to You Challenge’ topic. Conclusion The findings of this study can provide useful information for understanding various issues and social perspectives on COVID-19 nursing. The major themes of news reports lagged behind the real problems faced by nurses in COVID-19 crisis. While the press tends to focus on heroism and whole society, issues and policies mutually beneficial to public and nursing need to be further explored and enhanced by nurses.

Total abdominal hystrectomy is the most common surgery of Gynecology. It's complication are taken very important. Although neuropathy, especially femoral nerve injury, is rare, recently we have experienced a case of femoral neuropathy after total abdominal hystrectomy. We present this case with a brief review of literature.
Femoral Nerve* ; Femoral Neuropathy ; Gynecology

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the sagittal alignment of cervical spine in AIS. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: Little has been known about the sagittal curve patterns of cervical spine in AIS patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One-hundred-thirty-three AIS patients were checked by scanographs and followed up for more than 2 years were divided into cervical kyphosis (> or =+5degrees), lordosis (< or =-5degrees) and straight (-4degrees~+4degrees) groups according to the sagittal curves of cervical spine (C2~C7). Each group was evaluated for thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, sagittal balance and Cobb's angle on coronal plane. Of the patients, 49 were treated by braces, 84 were surgically corrected (rod derotation in 52, direct vertebral rotation (DVR) in 32). RESULTS: At the initial radiographs, cervical kyphosis was found in 97, lordosis in 23 and straight in 13 patients. In the kyphosis group, cervical kyphosis showed typical patterns of angular kyphosis. Thoracic and upper T-kyphosis (T1~T5) were lower than those in the cervical lordosis group (p=0.000, 0.001, respectively.) Other factors showed no significant differences between the groups. Patients treated by conservative management or by rod derotation had no significant differences in cervical kyphosis during the follow-up periods, though the thoracic hypokyphosis was surgically corrected. On the contrary, patients who were treated by DVR restored cervical lordosis (14/32=43.8%) from initial state showed significant differences in both conservative and rod derotation groups (p=0.008, 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Cervical kyphosis in AIS was a compensatory curve correlated with both thoracic hypokyphosis and rotational deformity. Rotational corrections should be considered during the surgical treatment.
Adolescent ; Animals ; Braces ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Kyphosis ; Lordosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Scoliosis ; Spine

BACKGROUND: The use of troglitazone (a PPARgamma ligand) and COX-2 inhibitor have been intensively studied for inhibition of tumor growth in cancer treatment, but the anti-tumor effect with a combination of these agents for cancer has not yet been studied. The aim of this study was to determine if low concentrations of troglitazone with COX-2 inhibitor in combination would cause significant cytotoxicity in glioma cells. METHODS: The effects of co-treatment with troglitazone and COX-2 inhibitor on cell growth and apoptosis were assessed by use of trypan blue exclusion and a DNA fragmentation assay. A western blot was used to analyze the apoptotic signaling for the expression of bcl-2, bax, PARP and p21 proteins. RESULTS: A low dose of troglitazone (5micrometer) and COX-2 inhibitor (5micrometer) strongly enhanced the cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in glioma cells when compared to a low dose of each drug alone. Western blotting analysis showed a decreased expression of bcl-2 and PARP proteins. In contrast, the bax protein level was increased. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of troglitazone and COX-2 inhibitor in a low dose elicits synergistic cytotoxicity in glioma cells. Our study also demonstrates that down regulation of bcl-2, fragmentation of PARP protein and increased expression of bax protein were accompanied by co-treatment with troglitazone and the COX-2 inhibitor.
Apoptosis ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein ; Blotting, Western ; Cyclooxygenase 2 ; DNA Fragmentation ; Down-Regulation ; Glioma* ; PPAR gamma ; Trypan Blue

PURPOSE: To evaluate useful findings and diagnostic value of TI-201 thyroid scan in differentiating benign from malignant nodules. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We studied 77 cold thyroid nodules proven histologically(27 malignat and 50 benign). Early (5--15rain) and delayed images(3--5hours) were obtained after intravenous injection of thallium 201. In these nodules, we retrospectively analyzed the degree of TI-201 uptake in early and delayed images, histopathologic type, size, and presence or absence of cystic change in the sonograms of 22 malignant nodules. RESULTS: Useful finding for diagnosis of malignant nodules was strong uptake of TI-201 in early and delayed images(specificity:98%, sensitivity:63%, positive predictive value:94.4%). Useful finding for benign nodules was no uptake of TI-201 in delayed image(specificity :88.9%, sensitivity :68%, positive predictive value :91.9%). The accuracy of TI-201 thyroid scan in differentiating benign from malignant nodules was 66.2%. The nodules with strong TI-201 uptake in early image and low TI-201 uptake in delayed image were malignant in 29.4%. Cystic changes were found in 40% of malignant nodules with atypical TI-201 uptake. TI-201 thyroid scan showed high specificity in follicutar neoplasm and adenomatous goiter in which differentiation of benignancy and malignancy is difficult with only cytologic examination. CONCLUSION: We consider that TI-201 thyroid scan is valuable in differentiating benign from malignant nodules and when combined with fine needle aspiration and ultrasound examination, it will enable more accurate differential diagnosis between benign and malignant thyroid nodules.
Biopsy, Fine-Needle ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential* ; Goiter ; Injections, Intravenous ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Thallium* ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Nodule ; Ultrasonography

PURPOSE: Total mesorectal excision has been advocated as the effective operation for patients with rectal cancer to reduce the local recurrence rate after curative resection. Its rationale is to remove possible tumor foci at the mesorectum distal to the level of the rectal cancer. This study was undertaken to clarify the rationale for total mesorectal excision. METHODS: Total mesorectal excision was performed in 72 patients with rectal cancer who admitted in Severance Hospital between December, 1996 and December, 1997. The obtained mesorectums were classified to M0 (from the proximal margin to the distal margin of the tumor), M1 (from the distal margin to 2 cm below the distal margin), M2 (from 2 cm to 5 cm below the distal margin), and microscopic examination was done. RESULTS: The nodal metastases were detected in 7 cases and tumor deposits in 4 cases. Especially in M2 with Dukes' C2, the rate of nodal metastases was 3.6 percent and the rate of tumor deposits was 7.1 percent. The nodal metastases and tumor deposits in the distal mesorectum have no correlation with gross finding, size, location and differentiation of the tumor. CONCLUSIONS: En bloc excision of all mesorectal tissue down to at least 5 cm below the lower margin of the tumor is required for patients with advanced rectal cancer to remove possible metastatic lymph nodes and tumor deposits in the distal mesorectum.
Humans ; Lymph Nodes* ; Neoplasm Metastasis* ; Rectal Neoplasms* ; Recurrence

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to evaluate the plain radiologic findings of the childhood intussusception and to evaluate the role of plain abdominal films in predicting the success of air or barium reduction. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 140 cases with the diagnosis of intussusception in children. The radiological signs that included soft tissue mass, dilatation of small bowel suggesting obstruction, crescent sign, and target sign were evaluated in terms of frequency. The relationship between radiological findings and outcome of reduction was analyzed. The site of soft tissue mass or crescent sign seen on plain radiographs was correlated with the position of the apex of the intussusceptum seen at the beginning of barium enema. The degree of dilated small bowel was evaluated by calculating the proportion of air-filled small bowel occupying peritoneal cavity and measuring the maximal diameter of dilated bowel lumen. The radiological finding for small bowel obstruction is determined by observation of the degree of small bowel dilatation and/or air-fulid levels. RESULTS: Ninety-two cases out of 140 showed one or more radiographic signs. Two most common signs were soft tissue mass and small bowel obstruction. The success rate of air or barium reduction was significantly lower in patients with most severe degree of dilatation of small bowel and/or more than 7 air-fulid levels on erect view. The suspected location of intussusception on plain radiographs correlated well with the true location of intussusception seen in the first few seconds of barium reduction. CONCLUSION: Plain abdominal radiography is useful in the diagnosis of intussusception and provides helpful informations for the reduction procedure as well as for the exclusion of the contraindications such as bowel perforation.
Barium ; Child ; Diagnosis ; Dilatation ; Enema ; Humans ; Intussusception* ; Peritoneal Cavity ; Radiography, Abdominal ; Retrospective Studies

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: One of the characteristics of Meniere’s disease is pure tone threshold shift at low frequencies in the lesion; although, in some patients, more pure tone threshold shifts were also shown at mid or high frequencies. Authors speculated that the most varied pure tone frequency may be related with diversity of clinical symptoms and other characteristics.SUBJECTS AND METHOD: We reviewed medical records of 85 patients who met the criteria of definite Meniere’s disease (1995 American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery). Patients were classified into 3 groups (high frequency, mid frequency, low frequency) depending on the frequency at which pure tone threshold changes encountered the most. The vestibular function tests and clinical characteristics were compared between the groups. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients (42.0%) showed pure tone threshold changes at 0.25 or 0.5 kHz (low frequency group). Twenty-five patients (30.0%) showed greatest pure tone threshold change at 1 or 2 kHz (mid frequency group). Twenty-four patients (28.0%) belonged to the high frequency group with most changes taking place not lower than 4 kHz. Frequency of vertigo attack, and duration of vertigo attack did not differ between the groups. Low frequency group showed more chance of tinnitus with statistical significance. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP) abnormality was more frequently encountered in the low frequency group. CONCLUSION This study shows that changes in the pure tone threshold is not confined to low frequencies in definite Meniere’s disease. Patients with pure tone threshold changes at low frequencies have more chance of tinnitus and abnormal cVEMP.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The Romberg test is a simple, inexpensive modality to test the vestibulo-spinal reflex. However, it is not a quantitative measure and has low sensitivity and specificity. We investigated the effectiveness of the modified Romberg test in evaluating equilibrium ability in dizzy patients by comparing it with the computerized dynamic posturography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 63 patients with various degrees of dizziness. Computerized dynamic posturography(CDP) was performed and equilibrium ability was measured with the modified Romberg test. Modifications were made in two ways : heel-to-toe standing(test 1) and standing on sponge(test 2). RESULTS: Correlation coefficients between the modified Romberg test and the vestibular dysfunction score of CDP were 0.62 and 0.52, respectively, and they were statistically significant(P<0.01). The Receiver Operating Characteristics(ROC) curve showed that the area index of tests 1 and 2 were 0.86 and 0.78, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The modified Romberg tests showed fairly good correlation with the vestibular dysfunction score of CDP. Further modifications are required to use the modified Romberg test as an accurate diagnostic tool in the evaluation of dizzy patients.
Cytidine Diphosphate ; Dizziness ; Humans ; Posture ; Reflex* ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Vestibular Function Tests