No abstract available.

Recently, studies on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have increased rapidly. Conventional parameters, such as diversity index, pairwise comparison, are used to interpret and validate data on autosomal DNA; however, the use of these parameters to validate data from mitochondrial DNA databases (mtDNA DBs) needs to be verified because of the different transmission patterns of mtDNA. This study was done to verify the use of these conventional parameters and to test the "coverage concept" for a new parameter. The mtDNA DB is not very big; however, it is necessary to check how the change in parameters corresponds to the DB size. For this, we artificially rearranged a Korean DB into several small sub-DBs of variable sizes. The results show that the diversity in nucleotide variations and the different haplotype numbers do not vary as the size of DB increases. However, the "coverage" changed a lot. The coverage increased from 0.113 in a DB of 100 people to 0.260 in a DB of 653 people. Additionally, using the "coverage concept", we predicted how the total number of haplotypes changed with variations in the sub-DB size and compared the predicted result with final result. In conclusion, "coverage", in addition to conventional statistical parameters, can be used to check the usability of an mtDNA DB. Finally, we tried to predict the size of the whole mtDNA number in Korea using "saturation concept".
DNA ; DNA, Mitochondrial* ; Haplotypes ; Korea ; Phylogeny

PURPOSE: Recently, allergic disorders in children have increased. The cause of allergic disorders made not clear. Therefore study in aspect of food and nutrition was required to prevent allergic disorders in children, show guide of dietary management. METHODS: This study was done in 78 children with allergy from July, 1997 to September, 1997, investigated family history of allergy and general environment with questionnaire, besides growth levels of children with allergic symptoms, nutrient intakes, eating behavior, and allergy-inducing foods. RESULTS: The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1) Allergic symptoms with a age 2-3 years old were asthma (46%), dermatitis (39%), hypersensitivity skin (7%), urticaria (5%) and rhinitis (5%). At age 4-6 years, asthma was 54%, dermatitis 44%, rhinitis 28%, hypersensitivity skin 10%, and urticaria 3%. Most of the dermatits was caused by unknown etiology, temperature change and house dust mite. Asthma was caused by house dust mite and temperature change. Urticaria was caused by foods and rhinitis was caused by house dust mite. 2) Tomato was the most common food as a cause of allergic disease and peach, mackerel, yoghurt, cheese, and egg were included. Urticaria was provoked mainly by tomato and peach, diarrhea was induced by milk, yoghurt and cheese, vomiting by quail eggs, and swelling lip was induced by tomato. 3) The average daily calory intake was 80% of the RDA at the age of 2-3 years old, 66% at the age of 4-6 year old. Protein and fat intake were similar as RDA. The other nutrients intake at the age of 2-3 and 4-6 years old were 106% and 71% for calcuim, 49% and 52% for iron, 30% and 31% for zinc, respectively. The amount of vitamin intake also lower than RDA for both age groups. CONCLUSION: The average calory intake and other nutrients intake for the children with allergic symptoms were lower than RDA. But they showed relatively normal growth pattern compared with the Korean growth standard. It is necessary to findout the food that provoke the allergic symptoms and make guideline for diet therapy for the children with a various allergic symptoms.
Asthma ; Cheese ; Child* ; Dermatitis ; Diarrhea ; Diet Therapy ; Eggs ; Feeding Behavior ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Iron ; Lip ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Milk ; Ovum ; Perciformes ; Prunus persica ; Pyroglyphidae ; Quail ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Rhinitis ; Skin ; Urticaria ; Vitamins ; Vomiting ; Yogurt ; Zinc

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans

No abstract available.
Humans ; Twins*

PURPOSE: As orbital involvement in multiple myeloma is rare, the correct diagnosis is usually difficult. We report a case of multiple myeloma which involved the orbit, and which presented with unilateral ptosis. METHODS: A 35-year-old man was referred for the evaluation of ptosis of the left eyelid for 1 month. The levator function was normal, and there was no proptosis. Orbital computerized tomography (CT) revealed an orbital mass lesion involving the superior orbital ridge with intracranial extension. RESULTS: Excisional biopsy was performed through craniotomy and superior orbitotomy. Histopathologic examination and immunostaining result suggested a diagnosis of a plasmacytoma. The diagnosis of multiple myeloma was confirmed through bone marrow aspiration and biopsy showing diffuse infiltration of plasma cells. CONCLUSIONS: We experienced a case of multiple myeloma, which is rare in the orbit presenting unilateral ptosis. In addition, the possibility of orbital mass should be considered as an unusual cause of unilateral, acquired, progressive ptosis.
Adult ; Biopsy ; Bone Marrow ; Craniotomy ; Diagnosis ; Exophthalmos ; Eyelids ; Humans ; Multiple Myeloma* ; Orbit ; Plasma Cells ; Plasmacytoma

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of combined automated gun biopsy (AGB) and fine needle aspiration (FNA) in the diagnosis of lung lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lung lesions in 102 patients were aspirated consecutively using a 21-gauge fine needle and biopsied with an 18-gauge automated gun at intervals of 3 -5 minutes. Final diagnosis was based on the findings of surgery or clinical follow-up. RESULTS: In 50 patients with malignant lesions, diagnostic accuracy was 80% with AGB and 76% with FNA, but using the combined modality, the figure was 94%. In 52 patients with benign lesions, diagnostic accuracy was 54% with AGB and 50% with FNA; using the combined modality, 69 percent accuracy was achieved. For all lesions, the diagnostic accuracy of the combined modality was thus significantly higher than that of a single method (p<.05). The complications which occurred were pneumothorax in six cases (5.9%), chest tubing in two (0.2%) and minor hemoptysis in nine (8.8%). CONCLUSION: In the diagnosis of lung lesions, the combined use of AGB and FNA is safe and can increase diag-nostic accuracy.
Biopsy* ; Biopsy, Fine-Needle* ; Diagnosis ; Fluoroscopy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hemoptysis ; Humans ; Lung ; Needles ; Pneumothorax ; Thorax

PURPOSE: To evaluate the surgical results of lower eyelid retraction using autologous ear cartilage graft. METHODS: Fifty patients (54 eyes) who received surgical correction of lower eyelid retraction by lower eyelid retractors and conjunctiva recession from the tarsal plate with autologous ear cartilage grafts from March 2002 to July 2010 were evaluated. Medical records were reviewed and clinical characteristics, surgical outcomes, and postoperative complications were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: The use of prosthesis due to anophthalmos or microphthalmos (22 eyes) was the most common cause of lower eyelid retraction. The mean postoperative follow-up period was 16.6 months (1-98 months). Lower eyelid retraction was successfully corrected in 52 of 54 eyes. Postoperatively, 2 cases of corneal erosions, 1 case of conjunctival erosion, and 2 pyogenic granulomas developed. Corneal and conjunctival erosions resolved with conservative management and granulation tissues were removed by excision. CONCLUSIONS: Correction of lower eyelid retraction using autologous ear cartilage graft is an excellent surgical procedure with low complication rates for eyelid retraction of various etiologies.
Anophthalmos ; Conjunctiva ; Ear ; Ear Cartilage ; Eye ; Eyelids ; Follow-Up Studies ; Granulation Tissue ; Granuloma, Pyogenic ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Microphthalmos ; Postoperative Complications ; Prostheses and Implants ; Transplants

This study was designed to investigate growth pattern, nutrient intake, and effecton development of allergic disorders in infants with family history of alIergic diseases fed on hypoallergenic formula(HA) and general formula (GF). This study was done on 101 infants from June, 1996 to May, 1997. Questionnaire were obtained from each mother of infants. Questionaire were inc1uded family history, the growth, nutrient intake, allergic symptoms. Frequent clinical features of these infants was atopic dermatitis89.196, respiratory infection56.4%, rhinitis47.5% and infants with two symptoms was 66.3% HA fed group and GF fed group did not differ significantly on the growth and the energy and protein intake do not meet RDA. HA fed infants compared with the GF fed infants, those fed the HA had higher zinc, fo1ate, copper intake and 1ower protein and phosphorus. HA fed group did seem to have effect on the development of allergic disorders such as atopic demnatitis, respiratory infection, rhinitis. but GF fed group did not reveaI any statistically significant differences. In Conclusion, Hypoallergenic formula fed group seem to have effects on alIergic symptoms in infants at first year with family history of allergy. But it might be suggested that follow-up study is needed to inspect whether the significant effects on the al1ergic symptoms.
Copper ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity* ; Infant* ; Mothers ; Phosphorus ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Rhinitis ; Zinc

Purpose: To investigate longitudinal changes in foveal retinal sublayer thicknesses during axial elongation. Methods: From February 2013 to September 2014, a prospective cohort was established comprising pediatric patients aged < 13 years exhibiting myopia with a spherical equivalent of less than -0.75 diopters (D). At each visit, the foveal retinal thickness was measured using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and sublayers were distinguished as follows: 1) total retinal layer, 2) inner retinal layer, 3) retinal nerve fiber layer, and 4) ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer. The average thickness was calculated based on the nine subfields of the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) map and compared between the initial and final visits. Intra-individual correlations were analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model. Results: Twenty-three subjects (46 eyes) were observed for 2.7 ± 1.0 years. During that period, the myopia progressed (spherical equivalent of cycloplegic refraction: from -4.26 ± 2.34 to -6.09 ± 2.64 D; p < 0.001, paired t-test), and the axial length increased from 24.80 ± 1.28 to 25.58 ± 1.38 mm (p < 0.001, paired t-test). Nevertheless, the thicknesses of foveal retinal layers (total retinal layer, inner retinal layer, retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer) showed no significant change in any of the nine ETDRS subfields (all p > 0.05, linear mixed-effects model). Conclusions The foveal retinal sublayers maintained their thicknesses despite axial elongation, indicating that the foveal retinal structure, which is critical to visual acuity, is preserved even in elongated, myopic eyes.