OBJECTIVES: It has been constantly reported that mismatch negativity (MMN) is impaired in patients with schizophrenia. However, the mechanism which relates impaired MMN and schizophrenia is not clear yet. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between MMN and clinical variables including functional status in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: The present study assessed MMN using passive auditory oddball task in 26 patients with schizophrenia and 48 healthy controls. Repeated measures Analysis of Variance with age as a covariate was carried out for comparing peak amplitude and latency of MMN at 8 central line electrodes (FPz, Fz, FCz, Cz, CPz, Pz, POz, Oz) across groups. Pearson's correlation was performed to reveal the relationship between MMN and clinical variables including neurocognitive test results and the Global Assessment of Functioning score. RESULTS: MMN amplitude was significantly reduced in patients with schizophrenia compared with healthy controls. Pearson's correlation showed that subsets of short form of Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale scores and GAF scores were associated with MMN amplitude in patients with schizophrenia. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that MMN amplitude is associated with current functional status including cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia.
Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; Electrodes ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Schizophrenia*

BACKGROUND: Pain management in the terminal stage of advanced cancer is often complicated by opioid-related bowel syndrome and other problems. This study was conducted to investigate the safety and efficacy of ketorolac as an adjunctive analgesic in cancer pain management. METHODS: 10 acutely ill cancer patients suffering from pain, complications of advanced disease, and opioid side effects were included. Except one acute leukemia, all of the patients had metastatic solid tumors. Pain complaints consisted of visceral, somatic and opioid bowel syndrome. They were treated with intravenous morphine patient-controlled analgesia infused with a repeated ketorolac bolus dosing. Demographic data, cancer diagnosis, change of pre- and post-treatment morphine infusion rates, and days until pain control or relief of opioid bowel syndrome were evaluated. RESULTS: Excellent pain relief with improvement of opioid bowel syndrome was achieved in a majority of cases. Ketorolac showed good morphine sparing effects. None of the patients reported gastrointestinal side effects. CONCLUSION: Ketorolac appeared to be well-tolerated in the clinical dose range and for short-term use in acutely-ill terminal cancer pain patients. It also seems to be very effective in relieving opioid-related bowel syndromes.
Analgesia, Patient-Controlled ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Ketorolac* ; Leukemia ; Morphine ; Pain Management*

BACKGROUND: The typical Korean diet includes rice, which is usually served in a rice bowl. We investigated the effects of a meal plan using rice bowls of varying sizes on dietary energy intake (EI), body weight (BW), and blood glucose levels. METHODS: Forty-two obese women with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomly assigned to use either a 200 mL small rice bowl (SB), a 380 mL regular rice bowl (RB), or to a control group (C). Both intervention groups were asked to reduce their EI by 500 kcal/day for 12 weeks and simple instructions for using the assigned bowl were provided. Dietary EI and proportion of macronutrients (PMN) were estimated from 3-day dietary records. RESULTS: Reduction of EI was more prominent in the SB group compared to the RB and C group, although EI decreased significantly from baseline in all groups. Carbohydrate and fat intakes of the SB group were decreased greater than those of the RB and C group. However, changes in PMN were not significant across the 3 groups. Reduction of BW and HbA1c levels in the SB group was more prominent compared to the C group. Although, BW and HbA1c were decreased significantly from baseline in both bowl groups. There was no statistical difference between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The small rice bowl-based meal plan was effective at reducing EI, BW, and blood glucose levels, and the observed reductions in EI, carbohydrate, and fat intake were greater than those of the regular rice bowl-based meal plan.
Blood Glucose ; Body Weight ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Diet, Diabetic ; Diet ; Energy Intake ; Female ; Humans ; Meals ; Obesity ; Weight Loss

BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to investigate the analgesic efficacy and safety of gabapentin in central pain syndrome. METHODS: With a diagnosis of central pain syndrome, a total 24 patients were accumulated in the outpatient pain clinic. Patients had been stabilized in their analgesic regimen at least four weeks prior to the study. Anticonvulsants, if taken, were discontinued for two weeks for wash-out. Pretreatment baseline pain scores (visual analog scale and pain intensity score) were obtained. Oral administration of gabapentin 300 mg was started in all patients. Initial doses were given from 300 mg per day with gradual titration over two weeks until 1) the onset of analgesic effect, 2) the maximum of 2,400 mg per day, and 3) the onset of intolerable side effects. Dosage was adjusted weekly. At the four-week study end point, VAS, PIS, pain improvement scores judged by family members, drug efficacy, tolerability and overall evaluation were assessed. The incidence of side effects was also noted. RESULTS: Fifteen patients dropped out due to various reasons. Data was collected from 9 patients (male = 4, female = 5). Among these, 3 had strokes and 6 spinal cord lesions due to trauma, cancer metastasis or syringomyelia. The average disease duration was 4.2 years. Analgesic onset was within two weeks and the average dose taken was 477.7 mg. At the end of the study, the VAS score and PIS revealed significant pain relief. These results were objectively reflected in pain improvement scores observed by family members. The majority scored good or excellent in all scales of drug evaluation. Sedation was the most frequently reported side effect. Others included dry mouth, weakness, and diarrhea, which were spontaneously resolved with lower dose maintenance. CONCLUSIONS: Gabapentin showed analgesic effect for central pain syndrome at a lower dose range than any other neuropathic pain syndromes. It appears to have different analgesic dose requirements in this difficult pain syndrome.
Administration, Oral ; Anticonvulsants ; Diagnosis ; Diarrhea ; Drug Evaluation ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Mouth ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neuralgia ; Outpatients ; Pain Clinics ; Spinal Cord ; Stroke ; Syringomyelia ; Weights and Measures

PURPOSE: To evaluate the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings to improve the diagnostic accuracy for transverse process fractures and sacral fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The lumbosacral MRI scans of 214 patients (mean age, 60 years; male-to-female ratio, 85:129), who had spine trauma between January and November 2015 were included. Two radiologists evaluated the presence, number, level, and anatomic site of the fractures on MRI with computed tomography as reference standard. Imaging findings were described as cortical disruption, marrow edema, or soft tissue edema on T1-, T2-, and fat-suppressed T2-weighted images. A statistical analysis was performed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of the MRI pulse sequences for the transverse process and sacral fractures. RESULTS: Of 168 fractures, 26 (15.5%) and 13 (4.9%) were in the transverse processes and sacra, respectively. A paravertebral soft tissue edema occurred in the transverse process fractures (80.8%) and presacral soft tissue and marrow edemas occurred in the sacral fractures (46.1%). The sensitivity for the transverse process fractures was 88% on the T2-weighted image. It was 92% on fat-suppressed T2- and T1-weighted images for sacral fractures. CONCLUSION Bone marrow and soft tissue edemas on the MRI could potentially improve the diagnostic accuracy of an MRI for fractures in the transverse process and sacrum.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to identify temperament and characteristics of cannabis and methamphetamine abusers for elucidating psycho-biological variables related to certain substance abuse. METHODS: A total of 320 patients who registered in the 'Hepatitis C cohorts study of intravenous drug users' between March 2006 and March 2010 participated in this study. Data on demographic variables were obtained and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and measures for nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence, depression and anxiety were assessed. After comparing TCI between cannabis, methamphetamine, and co-abusers, correlations between TCI and other clinical variables were examined. RESULTS: The methamphetamine abuser group showed significantly higher scores in Novelty Seeking (NS2) and Harm Avoidance (HA3) in temperament than the cannabis abuser and co-abuser groups, whereas the cannabis abuser group had higher scores in purposefulness (SD2), congruent second nature (SD5), and self-directedness (SD) in character than the methamphetamine abuser group. In addition, temperaments and characters correlated with various psychiatric symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: We found the differences in temperament and characters among cannabis abusers, methamphetamine abusers. These findings might contribute to further understanding of mechanisms of cannabis and methamphetamine abuse.
Alcoholism ; Anxiety ; Cannabis ; Cohort Studies ; Depression ; Humans ; Methamphetamine ; Substance-Related Disorders ; Temperament ; Tobacco Use Disorder

Diabetic nephropathy is a common and serious complication in diabetic patients. Renal diseases other than diabetic nephropathy (non-diabetic nephropathy) can occur in diabetic patients with nephrosis. The presence of non-diabetic nephropathy is noted in type 2 diabetes patients, but no data exists for type 1 diabetes. In this report we describe the case of a 15-year-old girl with type 1 diabetes mellitus, who presented with an acute elevation of urinary microalbumin excretion, general edema, and liver enzyme elevation. She had shown microalbuminuria about 3 years earlier, as well as an uncontrolled hemoglobin A1c level, but she had no diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy. A renal biopsy was conducted, and she was diagnosed with primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. She was treated with corticosteroids and an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor.
Adolescent ; Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Biopsy ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; Edema ; Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental ; Hemoglobins ; Humans ; Liver ; Nephrosis ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A

BACKGROUND: Vimentin is the major intermediate-size filament in the cytoplasm of cells from mesenchymal origin. The HL-60 cell is a unique human leukemic cell line capable of terminal differentiation with several chemical inducers, and then the cell line becomes a fre#quently described model system for cell differentiation in vitro. Vimentin mRNA is reduced during all-trans retinoic acid (retinoic acid) -dependent differentication but increased by 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). In this paper, we have investigated on the mechanism of transcriptional repression of vimentin gene during retinoic acid-dependent differentication of HL-60 cell. METHODS: HL-60 cells were grown in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum and antibiotics in a humidified 5% CO at 37C. Total RNA was prepared by a modification of the method of Karlinsey et al. Northern blot hybridization was performed by the method of Virca et al. EcoRI fragment of pVIM-GEM was used as probe for vimentin mRNA. DNA mobility shift assay was performed by the method of Lim et al. End labeled DNA probe (Upper strand, 5-CGCITGATGAGTCAGCCG-3) for AP-1 binding activity was mixed with nuclear extracts in a 20 pL reaction volume containing 300 mM KCI, 60 mM HEPES, pH 7.9, 25mM MgC1, 1mM EDTA, 1mM DTT, 60% glycerol, and 2 pg of poly[dI-dC]. RESULTS: The level of vimentin mRNA was decreased at 12 hours after retinoic acid treatment, and not detected at 48 hours. The level of vimentin mRNA was reduced in proportion to concentration of retinoic acid, Retinoic acid-reduced vimentin mRNA was no change in cells treated with cycloheximide. Retinoic acid-dependent decrease of vimentin mRNA was partially recovered by staurosporin pretreatment. In DNA mobility shift assay, AP-1 binding activity was reduced at 48 hr during retinoic acid-induced differentiation. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the transcriptional repression of vimentin gene during retinoic acid-induced differentiation in HL-60 cells is correlated with reduction of DNA binding activity of AP-1.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Blotting, Northern ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Cycloheximide ; Cytoplasm ; DNA ; Edetic Acid ; Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay ; Glycerol ; HEPES ; HL-60 Cells* ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Repression, Psychology* ; RNA ; RNA, Messenger ; Transcription Factor AP-1 ; Tretinoin ; Vimentin*

BACKGROUND: Our goal was to investigate the effects of low intensity resistance training on body fat, muscle mass and strength, cardiovascular fitness, and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Twenty-eight overweight women with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to a resistance training group (RG, n = 13) or a control group (CG, n = 15). RG performed resistance training using elastic bands, of which strength was equal to 40 to 50% of one repetition maximum (1RM), for three days per week. Each exercise consisted of three sets for 60 minutes. We assessed abdominal fat using computed tomography, muscle mass using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and muscle strength using Keiser's chest and leg press. Insulin sensitivity was measured using the insulin tolerance test, and aerobic capacity was expressed as oxygen uptake at the anaerobic threshold (AT-VO2) before and after the 12-week exercise program. RESULTS: The age of participants was 56.4 +/- 7.1 years, duration of diabetes was 5.9 +/- 5.5 years, and BMI was 27.4 +/- 2.5 kg/m2, without significant differences between two groups. During intervention, a greater increase in muscle mass and greater decreases in both total fat mass and abdominal fat were observed in RG compared to those of CG (P = 0.015, P = 0.011, P = 0.010, respectively). Increase in 1RM of upper and lower extremities was observed in the RG (P = 0.004, P = 0.040, respectively), without changes in AT-VO2 and insulin resistance in either group. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the low intensity resistance training was effective in increasing muscle mass and strength and reducing total fat mass without change of insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients.
Abdominal Fat ; Absorptiometry, Photon ; Adipose Tissue ; Anaerobic Threshold ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Female ; Humans ; Insulin ; Insulin Resistance ; Leg ; Lower Extremity ; Muscle Strength ; Muscles ; Overweight ; Oxygen ; Resistance Training ; Thorax

BACKGROUND: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys reported 65% of daily energy intake (EI) as carbohydrate (CHO) in the Korean population and main source of CHO was cooked rice. We used a standardized-small sized rice bowl for diet education and investigated its effectiveness on body weight, glucose and lipid, compared to the conventional food exchange system in type 2 diabetes obese women. METHODS: Type 2 diabetic women with body mass index > or = 23 kg/m2 were randomly assigned to small rice bowl-based meal plan (BM) and food exchange-based meal plan (ExM) group. Both groups were asked to reduce their EI by 500 kcal/day for 12 weeks. The macronutrient composition was instructed: 55 to 60% of EI as CHO, 15 to 20% as protein, and 20 to 25% as fat. BM group received only a simple instruction for application of the rice bowl. Nutrient intake was estimated with the 3-day dietary records. RESULTS: Finally, 44 subjects finished the study. The percent reduction of body weight was significant both BM group (-5.1 +/- 2.6%) and ExM group (-4.8 +/- 2.8%) after 12 weeks (P < 0.001) but there was no difference between the groups. There was no difference in the proportional change of CHO, protein and fat in EI between the groups. Additionally, the change of HbA1c and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The BM group was as effective as ExM for body weight and glucose control in type 2 diabetes obese women.
Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Diet, Diabetic ; Diet ; Diet Records ; Energy Intake ; Female ; Glucose ; Humans ; Meals ; Obesity ; Weight Loss