PURPOSE: This study was conducted to describe mother's child-rearing attitudes and problem conduct of children as perceived by children and to examine correlation between maternal nurturing attitudes and child problem behavior. METHOD: The participants were 338 fifth and sixth graders who attended two randomly selected elementary schools in the city of G, Gangwon province. Child-rearing attitudes of the mother were rated on a 5-pointed scale that developed by Schaefer and added by Oh & Lee(1982). Problem conduct of children were rated on a 3-pointed scale of the K-YSR by Oh Kyung-Ja et al.(1997). The data were gathered from October 2 to October 28, 2004, and the collected data were analyzed with SPSS 10.0 program. RESULTS: For the children's perception of mother's child-rearing attitude, student had a relatively high mean scores of 3.70+/-0.44. Correlations between the mother's child-rearing attitude and general characteristics of the children showed statistically significantly different according to grade, father-mother relations, type of residence and extent to which father shared household chores. The mean score for problem conducts of children was 0.47+/-0.25.The average for their internal behavior problems was 0.52+/-0.33, and for external behavior problems was 0.44+/-0.24. There were statistically significantly differences in the behavior problem scores of the children according to the general characteristics of grade, education, occupation, mother-father relations, extent to which father shared in household chores and religion. As to correlation between mother's child-rearing attitude and their problem conduct, every type of attitude had a significantly moderate reverse correlation to every type of behavior problem of the children(r=-.431, p=.000). CONCLUSION: Mother's child-rearing attitudes might affect the problem conduct of children, and mother should try to treat their children with affection and respect, to maintain good relations with father, and to bring their children up coherently in an autonomous, permissive, positive and democratic manner.
Child* ; Education ; Family Characteristics ; Fathers ; Gangwon-do ; Humans ; Mothers ; Occupations ; Child Health

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of five different recording electrodes on the various parameters of sensory nerve action potentials (SNAPs). METHOD: Median sensory nerve conduction study was performed in 50 normal subjects using different five types of recording electrodes-disc electrode, ring electrode, bar electrode and two kinds of felt-tip bar electrodes (type 1 and 2). The interelectrode distances between active and reference electrodes were set at 4 cm for the disc and ring electrodes. The bar electrode, felt-tip electrodes type 1 and 2 were fixed at interelectrode distances of 3 cm, 3.7 cm and 2.3 cm, respectively. Onset and peak latency, onset to peak amplitude, peak to peak amplitude and duration of negative spike of SNAPs were measured. These parameters were compared using ANOVA test. RESULTS: Onset and peak latencies of SNAPs recorded from five different electrodes were not different (p>0.05). Onset to peak and peak to peak amplitudes of SNAPs recorded from felt-tip type 2 electrode were significantly reduced compared to other electrodes (p<0.05). Onset to peak amplitude of SNAPs was also reduced when the ring electrode was used (p<0.05). The negative spike durations of SNAPs recorded from felt-tip type 2 and bar electrodes were shorter than other electrodes recording (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Onset and peak latencies of SNAPs were not affected by the types of electrodes used. Shortening of interelectrode distance may be a main cause of reduction of peak to peak amplitude and negative spike duration of SNAPs.
Action Potentials* ; Electrodes* ; Neural Conduction

Forty six patients (23 in-family and 23 out-family child sexual offenders) diagnosed with pedophilia participated in this study. For each patient, computerized objective data, obtained from the doctors, nurses, psychologists, and prosecutors involved, and the hospital information system, were collected. Immediately after the authors collected data that included any personal identifying information, it was replaced by random numbers to prevent bias and to protect privacy. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.0 for MS Windows. Comparative items on demographic characteristics were evaluated by a paired t test and chi-square test. Out-family child sexual offenders were younger, assaulted younger victims, and possessed a higher sexual recidivism rate than in-family sexual offenders did (P<0.05). The four scales of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory showed a significant difference between in-family and out-family child sexual offenders. There was no statistically significant difference in the victim's gender and the incidence of comorbid psychiatric disease between in-family and out-family child sexual offenders.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Child* ; Criminals* ; Forensic Medicine ; Hospital Information Systems ; Humans ; Incidence ; MMPI* ; Pedophilia* ; Privacy ; Psychology ; Sex Offenses ; Weights and Measures

BACKGROUND: Risk scoring system for thoracic surgery patients have not been widely used, as of recently. We tried to forge a risk scoring system that predicts the risk of postoperative complications in patients undergoing major thoracic surgery. We used a prolonged ICU stay as a representative of postoperative complications and tested various possible risk factors for its relation. METHODS: Data from all patients who underwent major lung and esophageal cancer surgeries, between 2005 and 2007 in our hospital, were collected retrospectively (n = 858). Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed with various possible risk factors to build the risk scoring system for prolonged ICU stay (> 3 days). RESULTS: A total of 9% of patients exhibited more than 3 days of ICU stay. Age, operation name, preoperative lung injury, no epidural analgesia, and predicted post operative forced expiratory volume in 1 second (ppoFEV1) were the risk factors for prolonged ICU stay, by multivariable analysis (P < 0.05). Risk score, p was derived from the formula: logit(p/[1-p]) = -5.39 + 0.06 x age + 1.12 x operation name(2) + 1.52 x operation name(3) + 1.32 x operation name(4) + 1.56 x operation name(5) + 1.30 x preoperative lung injury + 0.72 x no epidural analgesia - 0.02 x ppoFEV1 [Age in years, operation name(2): pneumonectomy, operation name(3): esophageal cancer operation, operation name(4): completion pneumonectomy, operation name(5): extended operation, preoperative lung injury(+), epidural analgesia(-), ppoFEV1 in %]. CONCLUSIONS: Age, operation name, preoperative lung injury, epidural analgesia, and ppoFEV1 can predict postoperative morbidity in thoracic surgery patients.
Analgesia, Epidural ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; Forced Expiratory Volume ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Lung ; Lung Injury ; Pneumonectomy ; Postoperative Complications ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Thoracic Surgery

In this study, we analyzed the quantitative electroencephalograms (EEGs) of forty-eight subjects (18 with methamphetamine dependence and 30 non-methamphetamine users as controls). Immediately following data collection, all personally identifying information was replaced with random numbers to prevent bias and protect privacy. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.0 for MS Windows. To investigate the general characteristics of the demographic background of the study subjects, frequency and technical analyses were conducted. Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to determine the difference in quantitative EEGs between methamphetamine users and non-methamphetamine users. Methamphetamine users demonstrated quantitative EEG abnormalities that were consistent with generalized encephalopathy.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Brain Diseases ; Case-Control Studies* ; Data Collection ; Electroencephalography* ; Forensic Medicine ; Humans ; Methamphetamine* ; Privacy

Large fetal neck masses can cause life threatening airway obstructions after delivery. The ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) can be used to obtain a fetal airway while feto-maternal circulation is preserved. The relationship of neck mass to airway structures can be defined prenatally with ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We present a successful EXIT case in which prenatally a large fetal neck mass was diagnosed on ultrasound and MRI at 35 weeks of gestation in 30 year-old paturient.
Airway Obstruction ; Intubation ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neck ; Pregnancy

Relapsing polychondritis (RP) is an uncommon disease that is characterized by inflammation and destruction of cartilaginous structures. When tracheobronchial tree is involved, respiratory obstructive symptoms can occur. A 35-year-old man, with a previous diagnosis of RP, was scheduled for rigid bronchoscopy to relieve dyspnea, caused by subglottic stenosis. After laser splitting of the subglottic web, the spontaneous respiration of the patient was insufficient, and hypercarbia developed progressively even with assisted ventilation. After 20 minutes of aggressive hyperventilation to reduce end-tidal CO2 level, sudden extreme tachycardia and hypotension developed. Ventilation rate was reduced and prolonged expiration time was allowed to alleviate a near-tampon status from dynamic hyperinflation. After the hemodynamic status was stabilized, the patient was transferred to the ICU for mechanical ventilation. He received ICU care for 30 days, and now, he was on supportive care on a ward, considering Y stent insertion to prevent luminal collapse from tracheobronchomalacia.
Adult ; Bronchoscopy* ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Diagnosis ; Dyspnea ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Hyperventilation ; Hypotension ; Inflammation ; Laryngostenosis ; Phenobarbital ; Polychondritis, Relapsing* ; Respiration ; Respiration, Artificial ; Respiratory Insufficiency* ; Stents ; Tachycardia ; Tracheobronchomalacia ; Ventilation

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to develop an empowering education program for Maternal-Fetal Intensive Care Unit (MFICU) nurses who provide intensive care to high-risk mother and fetus at hospitals, to test effects of the education program on nursing care confidence and nursing knowledge, and to examine program satisfaction. METHODS: This study comprised of 2 phases: program development and evaluation. First, we have followed a process of program development to develop and refine an empowering education program for MFICU nurses through collaborative works among clinical obstetrics and gynecology doctors and nurses and academic nursing professors. Second, the empowering education program was provided to 49 nurses and evaluated from July 5 to 6, 2019. Levels of MFICU nursing care confidence and knowledge were measured. RESULTS: The empowering education program included 18 hours of lectures, discussion, and Q & A, which continued for 2 days. This program significantly improved high-risk maternal-fetal nursing care confidence and knowledge of nurses. The program was well met with nurses' education need and goals, and found to be highly satisfactory. CONCLUSION: The empowering education program was observed to be effective in terms of improve nursing care confidence and knowledge of nurses in MFICU. It is proposed that this program should be open regularly for nurses to obtain and improve their clinical knowledge, confidence, and competency. Further study is needed to develop and run 2-levels of education such as basic and advanced levels based on nurses' clinical background and competency.
Critical Care ; Education ; Fetus ; Gynecology ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Lectures ; Mothers ; Nursing ; Nursing Care ; Obstetrics ; Pregnancy, High-Risk ; Program Development

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic thyroidectomy was recently introduced and has been rapidly accepted by surgeons and patients. The present study was conducted to estimate and compare the incidences of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after endoscopic thyroidectomy using two different anesthetic methods: sevoflurane based balanced anesthesia; total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). METHODS: Ninety nine female patients that were scheduled to undergo elective endoscopic thyroidectomy under general anesthesia were enrolled. These patients were randomly allocated to receive sevoflurane based balanced anesthesia (BA group) or propofol-remifentanil anesthesia (TIVA group). PONV was evaluated using a 4-point Likert scale, and pain using a visual analogue scale (VAS; range 0 to 100) for 0-2, 2-6, and 6-24 hours postoperatively. At 24 hours postoperatively, overall patient satisfaction regarding PONV and pain were recorded. RESULTS: The incidence of PONV was 14.6% in the TIVA group and 51.3% in the BA group. The incidence of nausea at 0-2 and 2-6 hours postoperatively was lower in the TIVA group than in the BA group (4.2% vs. 35.9%, 6.3% vs. 23.1%, respectively), but no between-group difference was observed at 6-24 hours postoperatively (8.3% vs. 5.1%). Antiemetic usage at 0-2 and 2-6 hours was lower in the TIVA than the BA group (4.2% vs. 38.5%, 6.3% vs. 23.1%), but no between-group difference was observed for 6-24 hours (6.3% vs. 7.7%). There were no differences in pain or in patient satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: After endoscopic thyroidectomy, total intravenous anesthesia with propofol-remifentanil is associated with less PONV during the early postoperative period (0-6 hours) than sevoflurane based balanced anesthesia.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Anesthesia, Intravenous ; Balanced Anesthesia ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Methyl Ethers ; Nausea ; Patient Satisfaction ; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting ; Postoperative Period ; Thyroidectomy

BACKGROUND: Theoretically, L-type calcium channel blockers could modulate anesthetic effects. Nicardipine does not affect the bispectral index (BIS), but nimodipine, which can penetrate the blood-brain barrier, has not been studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a single dose of intravenous nicardipine or nimodipine could affect BIS following rapid sequence intubation. METHODS: This study was done in a double-blind, randomized fashion. Anesthesia was induced with fentanyl 2 microgram/kg, thiopental sodium 5 mg/kg, and 100% oxygen. After loss of consciousness, patients received rocuronium 1.0 mg/kg and either a bolus of 20 microgram/kg nicardipine, nimodipine, or a comparable volume of normal saline (n = 20). Intubation was performed 1 min after study drug administration. BIS, mean blood pressure (MBP), and heart rate (HR) were measured before anesthetic induction, after loss of consciousness, before intubation, during intubation, and 1, 2 and 5 min after intubation. RESULTS: BIS dropped rapidly after induction but increased to 60 before intubation in all groups irrespective of study drug. In nimodipine, the increase in BIS during intubation was not significant compared to pre-intubation, in contrast to the other two groups, but there was no difference in BIS during intubation. HR significantly increased, but MBP just rose to pre-induction values after intubation in nicardipine and nimodipine groups. BIS, MBP, and HR following intubation increased in control group. CONCLUSIONS: A single dose of intravenous nicardipine or nimodipine could attenuate blood pressure increases but not affect BIS increases in rapid sequence intubation.
Androstanols ; Anesthesia ; Anesthetics ; Blood Pressure ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; Calcium Channels, L-Type ; Fentanyl ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Intubation ; Nicardipine ; Nimodipine ; Oxygen ; Thiopental ; Unconsciousness