Purpose: Recent obstetric guidelines recommend the administration of antenatal corticosteroids in pregnant women at risk of delivering infants at a gestational age between 34 and 36 weeks. We examined the effect of incompletely administered antenatal corticosteroids on the neonatal pulmonary outcomes in late preterm infants. Methods: Late preterm infants (34+0 to 36+6 weeks gestational age) born at the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital from January 2019 to June 2020 were retrospectively enrolled. We excluded multiple births except twins, those with major congenital anomalies, deaths, or transfers to other hospitals. An incomplete course of antenatal corticosteroids was defined as one in which the first or the second dose of betamethasone was administered within 24 hours before delivery. The rates of neonatal pulmonary morbidities were compared between late preterm infants given incomplete courses antenatal corticosteroids and their peers who not given antenatal corticosteroids; these morbidities included respiratory distress syndrome and transient tachypnea of the newborn, assisted ventilation including invasive mechanical ventilation, nasal continuous positive airway pressure and high-flow nasal cannula, and admission to neonatal intensive care unit. Results: Logistic regression models were constructed while adjusting for factors which were significant in bivariate models. After adjusting for baseline maternal and neonatal characteristics, we found no significant differences in the rates of neonatal pulmonary morbidities, assisted ventilation, or admission to the neonatal intensive care unit between late preterm infants who received incomplete antenatal corticosteroid therapy and their peers who were not given any antenatal corticosteroids. Conclusion Incompletely administered antenatal corticosteroids did not significantly alter the neonatal pulmonary outcomes in late preterm infants.

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to investigate the factors affecting unmet dental care needs among elderly living alone. Methods: The study subjects were 19,019 elderly living by themselves, who participated in the Korea Community Health Survey 2018 (KCHS, 2018). The data were analyzed using frequency analysis, Rao-Scott chi-square test, t-test, and binary logistic regression analysis, using the SAS 9.4 software. Results: Results from the multiple logistic regression analysis revealed a higher odds ratio (OR) for unmet dental care needs among those with a monthly household income below KRW 1,000,000 (OR=1.64, 95% confidence interval, 95%CI=1.39-1.92), compared to those with an income of above KRW 2,000,000. With regards to stress levels, unmet dental care needs were more prevalent among participants in the “stress moderate” (OR=1.19, 95% CI=1.06-1.33) and “stress” groups (OR=1.68 95% CI=1.48-1.92), compared to the “no stress” group. Furthermore, the OR for unmet dental care needs was significantly higher among participants in the “depression” group (OR=1.84, 95% CI=1.61-2.11) than the “no depression” group. Conclusions Higher unmet dental care needs were found among participants in the low monthly household income, stress, and depression groups. Further study is needed to analyze the association between factors and needs related to unmet dental care.

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to investigate the factors affecting unmet dental care needs among elderly living alone. Methods: The study subjects were 19,019 elderly living by themselves, who participated in the Korea Community Health Survey 2018 (KCHS, 2018). The data were analyzed using frequency analysis, Rao-Scott chi-square test, t-test, and binary logistic regression analysis, using the SAS 9.4 software. Results: Results from the multiple logistic regression analysis revealed a higher odds ratio (OR) for unmet dental care needs among those with a monthly household income below KRW 1,000,000 (OR=1.64, 95% confidence interval, 95%CI=1.39-1.92), compared to those with an income of above KRW 2,000,000. With regards to stress levels, unmet dental care needs were more prevalent among participants in the “stress moderate” (OR=1.19, 95% CI=1.06-1.33) and “stress” groups (OR=1.68 95% CI=1.48-1.92), compared to the “no stress” group. Furthermore, the OR for unmet dental care needs was significantly higher among participants in the “depression” group (OR=1.84, 95% CI=1.61-2.11) than the “no depression” group. Conclusions Higher unmet dental care needs were found among participants in the low monthly household income, stress, and depression groups. Further study is needed to analyze the association between factors and needs related to unmet dental care.

The mechanism of chorea underlying nonketotic hyperglycemia was controversial. Serial follow up of brain MRI, 99mTc-ECD SPECT, and 18F-FDG PET in conjunction with clinical observation was done to clarify the pathologic localization. From the functional neuroimages, according to the clinical improvement, the relevant pathology was localized on the lentiform nucleus, mainly on the putamen. In caudate, the mismatch between glucose metabolism and blood flow was observed during and after choreoballistic movement which suggested an important cue to understand the pathogenesis of chorea.
Basal Ganglia* ; Brain ; Chorea ; Corpus Striatum ; Cues ; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Glucose ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Metabolism ; Pathology* ; Putamen ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon

Background: Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genetic mutations in patients affect their response to drugs. Pharmacogenomic studies aim to maximize drug effects and minimize adverse drug events. The Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicine Agency published guidelines for pharmacogenetics in 2005 and 2006, respectively; the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety followed suit in 2015. Methods: This study analyzed pharmacogenomic information in the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety’s integrated drug information system to evaluate whether domestic pharmaceutical products reflect the current research on pharmacogenomic differences. Results: In June 2020, the Korean pharmacogenomic database contained genomic data on 90 compounds. Of these, 45 compounds were classified as “Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents.” The other 45 nonantineoplastic agents were in the following categories: Anti-infectives, Mental & behavior disorder, Hormone & metabolism related diseases, Cardiovascular system, Skin & subcutaneous tissue disease, Genito-urinary system and sex hormones, Blood and blood forming organs, Nervous system, Alimentary tract and metabolism, Musculo-skeletal system, and Other conditions including the respiratory system. In addition, 30 additives unrelated to the main ingredient were associated with genetic precautions. Conclusion This study showed that antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents accounted for half the drugs associated with pharmacogenetic information. For antitumor and immunomodulatory drugs, genomic tests were recommended depending on the indication; this was in contrast to genomic testing recommendations for non-antineoplastic medications. Genomic tests were rarely requested or recommended for non-antineoplastic medications because the relationships between genotype and efficacy among those drugs were relatively weak.

BACKGROUND: Exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show anti-inflammatory effect on osteoarthritis (OA); however, their biological effect and mechanism are not yet clearly understood. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exo) primed with IL-1β in osteoarthritic SW982 cells. METHODS: SW982 cells were treated with interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α to induce the OA phenotype. The effect of exosomes without priming (MSC-Exo) or with IL-1β priming (MSC-IL-Exo) was examined on the expression of pro- or anti-inflammatory factors, and the amount of IκBα was examined in SW982 cells. Exosomes were treated with RNase to remove RNA. The role of miR-147b was examined using a mimic and an inhibitor. RESULTS: MSC-IL-Exo showed stronger inhibitory effects on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) than MSC-Exo. The expression of anti-inflammatory factors (SOCS3 and SOCS6) was enhanced by MSCs-IL-Exo. Priming with IL-1β increased RNA content in MSC-IL-Exo, and pretreatment with RNase abolished anti-inflammatory effect in SW982 cells. miR-147b was found in much larger amounts in MSC-IL-Exo than in MSC-Exo. The miR-147b mimic significantly inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines, while the miR-147b inhibitor only partially blocked the anti-inflammatory effect of MSC-IL-Exo. MSC-IL-Exo and miR-147b mimic inhibited the reduction of IκBα, an nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) inhibitor, by IL-1β and TNF-α. CONCLUSION This study showed that MSC exosomes with IL-1β priming exhibit significantly enhanced anti-inflammatory activity in osteoarthritic SW982 cells. The effect of IL-1β-primed MSC exosomes is mediated by miRNAs such as miR-147b and involves inhibition of the NF-κB pathway.

Background: Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genetic mutations in patients affect their response to drugs. Pharmacogenomic studies aim to maximize drug effects and minimize adverse drug events. The Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicine Agency published guidelines for pharmacogenetics in 2005 and 2006, respectively; the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety followed suit in 2015. Methods: This study analyzed pharmacogenomic information in the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety’s integrated drug information system to evaluate whether domestic pharmaceutical products reflect the current research on pharmacogenomic differences. Results: In June 2020, the Korean pharmacogenomic database contained genomic data on 90 compounds. Of these, 45 compounds were classified as “Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents.” The other 45 nonantineoplastic agents were in the following categories: Anti-infectives, Mental & behavior disorder, Hormone & metabolism related diseases, Cardiovascular system, Skin & subcutaneous tissue disease, Genito-urinary system and sex hormones, Blood and blood forming organs, Nervous system, Alimentary tract and metabolism, Musculo-skeletal system, and Other conditions including the respiratory system. In addition, 30 additives unrelated to the main ingredient were associated with genetic precautions. Conclusion This study showed that antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents accounted for half the drugs associated with pharmacogenetic information. For antitumor and immunomodulatory drugs, genomic tests were recommended depending on the indication; this was in contrast to genomic testing recommendations for non-antineoplastic medications. Genomic tests were rarely requested or recommended for non-antineoplastic medications because the relationships between genotype and efficacy among those drugs were relatively weak.

BACKGROUND: Exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show anti-inflammatory effect on osteoarthritis (OA); however, their biological effect and mechanism are not yet clearly understood. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exo) primed with IL-1β in osteoarthritic SW982 cells. METHODS: SW982 cells were treated with interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α to induce the OA phenotype. The effect of exosomes without priming (MSC-Exo) or with IL-1β priming (MSC-IL-Exo) was examined on the expression of pro- or anti-inflammatory factors, and the amount of IκBα was examined in SW982 cells. Exosomes were treated with RNase to remove RNA. The role of miR-147b was examined using a mimic and an inhibitor. RESULTS: MSC-IL-Exo showed stronger inhibitory effects on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) than MSC-Exo. The expression of anti-inflammatory factors (SOCS3 and SOCS6) was enhanced by MSCs-IL-Exo. Priming with IL-1β increased RNA content in MSC-IL-Exo, and pretreatment with RNase abolished anti-inflammatory effect in SW982 cells. miR-147b was found in much larger amounts in MSC-IL-Exo than in MSC-Exo. The miR-147b mimic significantly inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines, while the miR-147b inhibitor only partially blocked the anti-inflammatory effect of MSC-IL-Exo. MSC-IL-Exo and miR-147b mimic inhibited the reduction of IκBα, an nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) inhibitor, by IL-1β and TNF-α. CONCLUSION This study showed that MSC exosomes with IL-1β priming exhibit significantly enhanced anti-inflammatory activity in osteoarthritic SW982 cells. The effect of IL-1β-primed MSC exosomes is mediated by miRNAs such as miR-147b and involves inhibition of the NF-κB pathway.

PURPOSE: Many researchers have tried to develop animal models that mimic the human immune system, e.g. a humanized mouse model, to improve the engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells and develop human immune cells in an animal model. This study evaluated the feasibility of the cultured human umbilical cord blood (hUCB)-derived CD34(+) cells for cell expansion, in Rag2(-/-)gamma(c)(-/-) mice, and establish co-transplantation with human fetal thymus/liver tissue (Thy/Liv) under the kidney capsule. METHODS: Co-transplantation of hUCB-derived CD34(+) cells with Thy/Liv was performed. The hUCB-derived CD34(+) cells were prepared by freshly thawing (G1) and culturing for 7 days with two types of cytokine combinations (G2, G3). The CD45(+) cell populations were measured at 6, 8, 10 and 16 weeks in the peripheral blood. The splenocytes were cultured with mitogenic stimuli (PHA -L or IL-2) at 20 weeks post- transplantation, and the proliferation of human immune cells was evaluated. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the human CD45(+) cell populations at 6, 8, 10 and 16 weeks post-transplantation between the groups. In the cultured splenocytes at 20 weeks post-transplant with PHA-L or IL-2, there was remarkable expansion of CD3(+) cells in the three groups. Although no CD19(+) cells were detected in the spleen, human Ig G was detected in the sera of these mice. CONCLUSION: The cultured and expanded hUCB-derived cells with cytokine combinations might be a feasible cell source in humanized mouse modeling. In addition, human immune cells can be reconstituted from the co-transplantation of Thy/Liv and cultured hUCB-derived CD34(+) cells.
Animals ; Fetal Blood ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells ; Humans ; Hydrazines ; Immune System ; Interleukin-2 ; Kidney ; Mice ; Models, Animal ; Phytohemagglutinins ; Spleen ; Transplants ; Umbilical Cord

PURPOSE: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been known as psychiatric disorder in childhood associated with dopamine dysregulation. In present study, we investigated changes in dopamine transporter (DAT) density of the basal ganglias using I-123 N- (3-iodopropen-2-yl) -2-carbomethoxy-3beta- (4-chlorophenyl) tropane [I-123 IPT] SPECT in children with ADHD before and after methylphenidate treatment. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Nine drug-naive children with ADHD and seven normal children were included in the study. We performed brain SPECT two hours after the intravenous administration of I-123 IPT and made both quantitative and qualitative analyses using the obtained SPECT data, which were reconstructed for the assessment of specific/nonspecific DAT binding ratios in the basal ganglia. All children with ADHD reperformed [123I]IPT SPECT after treatment with methylphenidate (0.7mg/kg/d) during about 8 weeks. SPECT data reconstructed for the assessment of specific/nonspecific DAT binding ratio of the basal ganglia were compared between before and after treatment methylphenidate. We investigated correlation between the change of ADHD symptom severity assessed with ADHD rating scale-IV and specific/nonspecific DAT binding ratio of basal ganglia. RESULTS: Children with ADHD had a significantly greater specific/nonspecific DAT binding ratio of the basal ganglia comparing to normal children (Right: z = 2.057, p = 0.041; Left: z = 2.096, p = 0.032). Under treatment with methylphenidate in all children with ADHD, specific/nonspecific DAT binding ratio of both basal ganglia decreased significantly greater than before treatment with methylphenidate (Right: t = 3.239, p = 0.018; Left: t = 3.133, p = 0.020). However, no significant correlation between the change of ADHD symptom severity scores and specific/nonspecific DAT binding ratio of the basal ganglia were found. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the complex dysregulation of the dopaminergic neurotransmitter system in children with ADHD.
Administration, Intravenous ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity* ; Basal Ganglia* ; Brain ; Child* ; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins* ; Dopamine* ; Humans ; Methylphenidate ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon